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THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY OF VIETNAM
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THE SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Independence - Freedom – Happiness
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Law No.
109/2025/QH15
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Hanoi, December
10, 2025
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LAW ON PERSONAL INCOME TAX
Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic
of Viet Nam in 1992, amended under Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;
The National Assembly promulgates the Law on
Personal Income Tax.
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1. Scope
This Law provides for taxpayers, taxable income,
income eligible for tax exemption and tax reduction, and the basis for
calculating personal income tax ("PIT").
Article 2. Taxpayers
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2. A resident individual is a person who meets any
of the following conditions:
a) He/she is present in Vietnam for at least 183
days in 01 calendar year or for 12 consecutive months from the date of first
arrival in Vietnam;
b) He/she has a regular residence in Vietnam, which
is either a registered place of permanent residence or a leased house in Vietnam
under a fixed-term rental contract.
3. A non-resident individual is a person who does
not satisfy the conditions specified in Clause 2 of this Article.
4. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 3. Taxable income
Income subject to PIT (hereinafter referred to as
"taxable income") includes the following types of income, except for
tax-exempt income prescribed in Article 4 of this Law:
1. Income from business operations, including:
a) Income from production and/or sale of goods
and/or services;
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c) Income from agent activities, brokerage,
business cooperation with organizations;
d) Income from e-commerce
activities, digital platform-based business.
2. Income from salaries and remuneration,
including:
a) Salaries, wages, and amounts of similar nature;
b) Remunerations and benefits in cash or in any
other shape or form;
c) Allowances, subsidies, other income except: allowances,
subsidies under regulations of law on preferential treatment for persons with
meritorious services; national defense or security allowances; hazardous or
dangerous job allowances; region-based, hardship, or attraction allowances as
prescribed by law; Allowances, subsidies, subsistence allowances provided by
overseas Vietnamese agencies; unexpected hardship allowance; compensation for
occupational accidents and diseases; lump-sum allowance upon childbirth or
adoption, working capacity reduction allowance, lump-sum retirement payment;
monthly survivor benefits and other allowances prescribed by regulations of law
on social insurance; severance pay, redundancy pay prescribed by the Labor
Code; social protection allowances, and other allowances and subsidies that are
not of a wage or salary nature as prescribed by the Government.
3. Income from capital investment, including:
a) Interest on loans;
b) Dividends;
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4. Income from capital transfer, including:
a) Income from transfer of stakes in business
organizations;
b) Income from transfer of securities;
c) Income from capital transfer in other forms.
5. Income from real estate transfer,
including:
a) Income from transfer of land use rights (LUR)
and property affixed to land;
b) Income from transfer of right of ownership or
right of use of housing;
c) Income from transfer of land lease rights or
water surface lease rights;
d) Other income from the transfer of real estate in
any shape or form.
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a) Lottery winnings;
b) Promotional winnings;
c) Bet winnings;
d) Winnings from games, contests with prizes, and
other forms of prizes, except casino prizes.
7. Income from royalties, including:
a) Income from the transfer or licensing of subject
matters of intellectual property rights;
b) Income from technology transfer.
8. Income from franchising.
9. Income from receipt of inheritance, gifts being
securities, stakes in business organizations, business establishments, real
estate, and other properties subject to ownership or use right registration.
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a) Income from
transfer of Vietnam’s top-level domains “.vn”;
b) Income from
transfer of greenhouse gas emission reduction results and carbon credits;
c) Income from
transfer of license plates purchased at auction as prescribed by law;
d) Income from
transfer of digital assets;
dd) Income from
transfer of gold bars.
The Government shall set the taxable threshold for
gold bars, time of application and adjustment of PIT rates on transfer of gold
bar according to the road map for gold market management.
11. The Government shall elaborate this Article and
regulations on conversion of taxable income received in non-monetary forms or
in currencies other VND.
Article 4. Tax-exempt income
1. Income from transfer, receipt of inheritance or
gifts in the form of real estate between spouses, between biological parents
and biological children; between adoptive parents and adopted children; between
parents-in-law and children-in-law; between grandparents and grandchildren; and
between biological siblings.
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4. Income of households and individuals that
directly produce products from agricultural production, forestry, husbandry,
aquaculture, fishing that have not been processed into other products or have
only been pre-processed; salt production; income from dividends of members of
agricultural cooperatives and cooperative unions, of individuals who are
farmers signing "Cánh đồng lớn" ("Big Farm") contracts,
production forest cultivation contracts, aquaculture contracts with
enterprises.
5. Income from conversion of agricultural land use
rights allocated by the State to households or individuals.
6. Income from interest (coupon) on Government
bonds, municipal bonds, interest on deposit at credit institutions, interest on
life insurance policies.
7. Income from remittances.
8. Night shift pay, overtime pay, unused annual
leave payouts as prescribed by law.
9. Retirement pensions paid by the Social Insurance
Fund; income paid by the supplemental retirement insurance fund or voluntary
pension fund.
10. Scholarship income, including:
a) Scholarships funded by the state budget;
b) Scholarships from domestic or foreign
organizations under their scholarship programs.
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12. Income from charitable organizations and charity
funds licensed or recognized by competent authority and operating for
charitable, humanitarian, and non-profit purposes.
13. Income from foreign aid for humanitarian or
charitable purposes in both governmental and non-governmental forms approved by
competent authorities.
14. Income from salaries and remuneration of
Vietnamese seafarers working for foreign shipping companies or Vietnamese
shipping companies engaged in international transport.
15. Income of individuals who are shipowners,
individuals with the right to use ships, and individuals working on ships from
provision of goods and/or services directly serving offshore fishing
activities.
16. Income from initial transfer of individuals'
recognized green house gas reduction results; income from transfer of
individual's granted carbon credits; income from interest on green bonds;
income from initial transfer of green bonds after issuance.
17. Income from salaries and remuneration from
performance of science, technology and innovation tasks.
18. Income from copyrights of science, technology
and innovation tasks when their results are commercialized under regulations of
law on science, technology, innovation and intellectual property.
20. Income from salaries and remunerations of
foreign experts working for programs/projects funded by ODA grants, foreign
non-governmental programs/projects in Vietnam; income of individuals who are
Vietnamese nationals working for representative agencies of international
organizations of the United Nations System in Vietnam; income of individuals
who participate to UN peacekeeping forces.
21. Income after payment of corporate income tax of
individuals who are owners of sole proprietorships, individuals who are owners
of single-member limited liability companies.
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Article 5. Other cases of PIT
exemption and reduction
1. Taxpayers who are facing difficulties due to
natural disasters, fires, accidents, or serious illnesses affecting their
ability to pay PIT shall be given PIT reduction corresponding to the level of
damage but not exceeding the amount of PIT payable.
2. PIT shall be exempt for 05 years on income from
salaries and remunerations of individuals in the high-quality digital
technology industry workforce in the following cases:
a) Income from
digital technology industry projects in concentrated digital technology zones;
b) Income from
projects for research, development, manufacture of key digital products,
semiconductor chips, artificial intelligence systems;
c) Income from
training digital technology industry workforces.
3. PIT shall be exempt for 05 years on income from
salaries and remunerations of individuals in the hi-tech workforce engaged in
research and development of high technologies or strategic technologies on the
List of Prioritized High Technologies or the List of Strategic Technologies and
Strategic Technology Products under regulations of law on high technologies.
4. PIT exemption shall be granted to income from
transfer of fund certificates of open-ended funds established under securities
laws if they are held for at least 02 years from the date of purchase.
5. 50% PIT reduction shall be granted to dividends
distributed to individual investors (retail investors) by securities investment
funds and real estate investment funds established under the Law on Securities
within the period prescribed by the Government of Vietnam.
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Article 6. PIT administration
Chapter II
BASIS FOR CALCULATION OF
PERSONAL INCOME TAX PAYABLE BY RESIDENT INDIVIDUALS
Article 7. PIT on income from
business operations
1. A resident individual whose annual revenue from
production and/or business operations (hereinafter referred to as
"business operations") does not exceed 500 million VND shall be
exempt from PIT. The Government shall periodically propose adjustments to the
PIT-exempt revenue threshold to the Standing Committee of the National
Assembly, in line with prevailing socio-economic developments.
2. PIT on income from business operations of
resident individuals whose annual revenue is higher than the threshold
prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article shall be calculated by multiplying the assessable
income by the PIT rate. To be specific:
a) Assessable income equals (=) revenue from
goods/services minus (-) operating expenses in the tax period;
b) Individual businesses with annual revenue
exceeding 500 million VND but not exceeding 03 billion VND shall pay PIT at the
rate of 15%;
c) Individual businesses with annual revenue
exceeding 03 billion VND but not exceeding 50 billion VND shall pay PIT at the
rate of 17%;
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The PIT calculation method prescribed in this
Clause does not apply to income from lease of real estate prescribed in Clause
4 of this Article.
3. Individual businesses with annual revenue
exceeding 500 million VND but not exceeding 03 billion VND may elect either to
pay PIT in accordance with Point a and Point b Clause 2 of this Article, or to
pay PIT by multiplying the PIT rate by assessable revenue. Assessable revenue
and PIT rate shall be determined as follows:
a) Assessable revenue is the portion of revenue
exceeding the threshold of 500 million VND prescribed in Clause 1 of this
Article;
b) PIT rate for goods distribution and supply: 0,5%
c) PIT rate for services and construction without
provision of building materials: 2%; PIT rate for asset lease, insurance
agents, lottery agents, multi-level marketing agents: 5%;
d) PIT rate for manufacture, transport, services
associated with goods, construction with provision of building materials: 1,5%;
dd) PIT rate for provision of digital information
products and contents for entertainment, video games, digital films, digital
photos, digital music, digital advertising: 5%;
e) PIT rate for other business operations: 1%.
4. Individuals leasing out real estate, except
hospitality business, shall pay 5% PIT on the portion of revenue exceeding the
threshold prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article.
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1. PIT on income from salaries and remunerations of
resident individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable income prescribed in Clause 2 of this
Article, regardless of the location of payment, by the progressive PIT rate
prescribed in Article 9 of this Law.
2. The assessable income for income from salaries
and remunerations equals (=) the total taxable income received by the taxpayer
in the tax period as prescribed in Clause 2 Article 3 of this Law minus (-)
payment of social insurance premiums, health insurance premiums, unemployment
insurance premiums, mandatory occupational liability insurance premiums (for
professions requiring occupational liability insurance), supplemental
retirement insurance premiums prescribed by the Law on Social Insurance,
purchase of voluntary retirement insurance premiums, life insurance premiums
not exceeding the limits imposed by the Government of Vietnam, and the
deductions prescribed in Article 10 and Article 11 of this Law.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
from salaries and remunerations shall be the time the income is paid by the
income payer to the taxpayer or the time the taxpayer receives the income.
Article 9. Progressive tax
brackets
1. Progressive tax brackets shall apply to
assessable income prescribed Clause 2 Article 8 of this Law.
2. Progressive tax brackets are specified in the
table below:
Tax bracket
Annual taxable
income (million VND)
Monthly taxable
income (million VND)
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1
Up to 120
Up to 10
5
2
Exceeding 120 but
not exceeding 360
Exceeding 10 but not
exceeding 30
10
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Exceeding 30 but
not exceeding 60
20
4
Exceeding 720 but
not exceeding 1.200
Exceeding 60 but
not exceeding 100
30
5
Over 1.200
Over 100
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Article 10. Family
circumstance-based deductions
1. Family circumstance-based deduction is the
amount deducted from taxable income before calculation of PIT on income from
salaries and remunerations of resident individuals. Family circumstance-based
deductions include:
a) Personal
deduction: 15,5 million VND per month (186 million VND per year);
b) Dependent
deduction: 6,2 million VND per dependent per month.
2. In consideration of the fluctuation of prices,
income and prevailing socio-economic developments, the Government shall propose
specific levels of family circumstance-based deductions prescribed in Clause 1
of this Article to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.
3. Dependent deductions shall be applied on the
basis of non-duplication, i.e. for each dependent, only one taxpayer is
permitted to claim the deduction.
4. A dependent means a person to whom the taxpayer
has a financial support obligation, including:
a) Minor children; children who are legally
incapacitated, disabled people incapable of working;
Article 11. Deductions for
charitable and humanitarian contributions, and other deductions
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1. Charitable and humanitarian contributions,
including:
a) Contributions to organizations and
establishments providing care for extremely disadvantaged children, disabled
people, elderly persons without support from family;
b) Contributions to charitable funds, humanitarian
funds, or education promotion funds;
c) Contributions to organizations that are licensed
to appeal for donations, established and operating under the law.
The organizations, establishments and funds
specified in this Clause must be permitted for establishment by competent
authorities or recognized by competent authorities, operate for charitable,
humanitarian, or education promotion purposes, and not for profit.
2. Expenditures on healthcare, education - training
of taxpayers and their dependents may be deducted from income before PIT
calculation at the levels prescribed by the Government of Vietnam.
3. The expenditures prescribed in this Article must
be supported by invoices and proofs of payment as prescribed by law and must
not be paid by other sources.
4. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 12. PIT on income from
capital investment
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2. Assessable income from capital investment is the
total taxable income from capital investment received by the taxpayer in each
instance prescribed in Clause 3 Article 3 of this Law.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
from capital investment shall be the time the income is paid by the income
payer to the taxpayer or the time the taxpayer receives the income.
4. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 13. PIT on income from
capital transfer
1. PIT on income from capital transfer of resident
individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable income by the tax
rate of 20% each time a transfer is conducted. Assessable income from capital
transfer equals (=) the transfer price minus (-) the buying price and
reasonable expenses related to the generation of income from capital transfer.
If the buying price and expenses related to the
capital transfer cannot be determined, PIT shall be determined by multiplying
the transfer price by the tax rate of 2%.
2. PIT on income from securities transfer shall be
determined by multiplying the transfer price by the tax rate of 0,1% each time
a transfer is conducted.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
shall be the time of completion of the transaction as prescribed by law.
Article 14. PIT on income from
real estate transfer
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2. The time for determination of assessable income
from real estate transfer is the time the transfer contract takes effect as
prescribed by law or the time of registration of the right of ownership or
right of use of the real estate.
3. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 15. PIT on income from
winnings
1. PIT on income from winnings of resident
individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable income by the tax
rate of 10%.
2. Assessable income from winnings is the portion
of the prize value exceeding 20 million VND received by the taxpayer per
winning instance.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
from winnings is the time the income is paid by the income payer to the
taxpayer.
Article 16. PIT on income from
royalties
1. PIT on income from royalties of resident
individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable income by the tax
rate of 5%.
2. Assessable income from royalties is the portion
of income exceeding 20 million VND received by the taxpayer upon transfer or
licensing of intellectual property rights or upon transfer of the technology
under each contract.
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Article 17. PIT on income from
franchising
1. PIT on income from franchising of resident
individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable income by the tax
rate of 5%.
2. Assessable income from franchising is the
portion of income exceeding 20 million VND received by the taxpayer under each
franchising contract.
3. The time of determination of assessable income
from franchising is the time the income is paid by the income payer to the
taxpayer.
Article 18. PIT on income from
receipt of inheritance or gifts
1. PIT on income from receipt of inheritance or
gifts of resident individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable
income by the tax rate of 10%.
2. Assessable income from receipt of inheritance
and gifts is the portion of the value of the inheritance or gift exceeding 20
million VND received by the taxpayer in each instance.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
is specified as follows:
a) For income from receipt of inheritance: the time
the taxpayer receives the inheritance;
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Article 19. PIT on other
income
1. PIT on other income of resident individuals
prescribed in Points a, b and c Clause 10 Article 3 of this Law shall be determined
by multiplying the assessable income by the tax rate of 5%, where assessable
income is the portion of income exceeding 20 million VND received by the
taxpayer in each instance.
2. PIT on other income of resident individuals
prescribed in Point d and Point dd Clause 10 Article 3 of this Law shall be
determined by multiplying the transfer price by the tax rate of 0,1%.
3. The time for determination of assessable income
shall be the time the income is paid by the income payer to the taxpayer or the
time the taxpayer receives the income.
4. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Chapter III
BASIS FOR TAX
CALCULATION FOR NON-RESIDENT INDIVIDUALS
Article 20. PIT on income from
business operations
1. Tax on income from business operations of non-resident
individuals shall be calculated by multiplying the revenue from business
operations prescribed in Clause 2 of this Article by the tax rates specified in
Clause 3 of this Article.
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If the agreement or contract does not include PIT,
the assessable revenue to be converted shall be the total amount received by
the non-resident individual in any shape or form from the provision of goods or
services in Vietnam, regardless of the location of business operations.
3. Tax rates:
a) Distribution, supply of goods: 1%;
b) Services, construction without provision of
materials: 5%;
c) Manufacture, transport, services associated with
goods, construction with provision of building materials: 2%;
d) Provision of digital information products and
contents for entertainment, video games, digital films, digital photos, digital
music, digital advertising: 5%;
dd) Other business operations: 2%.
Article 21. PIT on income from
salaries and remunerations
PIT on income from wages and remunerations of a
non-resident individual shall be determined by multiplying the total amount of
salaries and remunerations earned by the non-resident individual for performing
works in Vietnam by the tax rate of 20%, regardless of where the income is
paid.
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Article 23. PIT on income from
capital transfer
1. PIT on income from capital transfer of
non-resident individuals shall be determined by multiplying the assessable
income by the tax rate of 20% each time a transfer is conducted, whether the
transfer takes place in Vietnam or a foreign country. Assessable income from
capital transfer equals (=) the transfer price minus (-) the buying price and
reasonable expenses related to the generation of income from the transfer of
capital at the Vietnamese organization or individual.
If the buying price and expenses related to the
capital transfer cannot be determined, PIT shall be determined by multiplying the
price for transfer of capital at the Vietnamese organization or individual by
the tax rate of 2%.
2. PIT on income from securities transfer of
non-resident individuals shall be determined by multiplying the transfer price
by the tax rate of 0,1%.
3. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 24. PIT on income from
real estate transfer
1. PIT on income from real estate transfer of
non-resident individuals shall be determined by multiplying the transfer price
by the tax rate of 2%.
2. The Government
shall elaborate this Article.
Article 25. PIT on income from
royalties and franchising
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2. PIT on income from franchising of non-resident
individuals shall be determined by multiplying the portion of income exceeding
20 million VND under each franchising contract in Vietnam by the tax rate of
5%.
Article 26. PIT on income from
winnings, receipt of inheritance or gifts
Taxable income from winnings, receipt of
inheritance or gifts of non-resident individuals shall be determined by
multiplying the portion of the each winnings, inheritance or gift value
exceeding 20 million VND by the tax rate of 10%.
Article 27. PIT on other
income
1. PIT on other income of non-resident individuals
prescribed in Points a, b and c Clause 10 Article 3 of this Law shall be
determined by multiplying the assessable income by the tax rate of 5%, where
assessable income is the portion of income exceeding 20 million VND received by
the taxpayer in each instance.
2. PIT on other income of non-resident individuals
prescribed in Point d and Point dd Clause 10 Article 3 of this Law shall be
determined by multiplying the transfer price by the tax rate of 0,1%.
Article 28. Time of
determination of assessable income
1. The time for determination of assessable income
prescribed in Article 20 of this Law is the time when the non-resident
individual receives the income or when the invoice for sale of goods or
provision of services is issued.
2. The time or determination of assessable income
prescribed in Articles 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of this Law is the time when the
organization or individual in Vietnam pays the income to the non-resident
individual, or the time the non-resident individual receives the income.
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4. The time for determination of assessable income
prescribed in Article 24 of this Law is the time the transfer contract takes
effect as prescribed by law or the time of registration of the right of
ownership or right of use of the real estate.
5. The Government shall elaborate this Article.
Chapter IV
IMPLEMENTATION CLAUSES
Article 29. Implementation
clauses
1. This Law enters into force on July 01, 2026,
except the regulations in Clause 2 of this Article.
2. Regulations on income from business operations,
salaries and remunerations of resident individuals shall be applicable from the
tax period of 2026.
3. The Law on Personal Income Tax No. 04/2007/QH12,
amended by Law No. 26/2012/QH13, Law No. 71/2014/QH13, Law No. 31/2024/QH15,
Law No. 48/2024/QH15, Law No. 56/2025/QH15, Law No. 71/2025/QH15, and Law
No. 93/2025/QH15, shall cease to be effective from the effective date of
this Law; regulations on income from business operations, salaries and
remunerations of resident individuals shall cease to be effective the tax
period of 2026.
4. In case of discrepancies in tax incentives
between this Law and the Law on the Capital, the National Assembly’s
Resolutions and the solutions prescribed in Point h Clause 8 Article 10 of the
Law on Government Organization, the Law on the Capital, the National Assembly’s
Resolutions and the solutions prescribed in Point h Clause 8 Article 10 of the
Law on Government Organization shall prevail. If the provisions of this Law are
more advantageous, taxpayers may choose to apply the most advantageous
incentive.
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PRESIDENT OF
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Tran Thanh Man