QCVN
10:2015/BGTVT
NATIONAL
TECHNICAL REGULATION ON SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR URBAN BUS
Preface
The QCVN 10:2015/BGTVT is compiled by the
Vietnam Register, appraised by Ministry of Science and Technology, and
promulgated by Ministry of Transport under Circular No. 90/2015/TT-BGTVT dated
December 31, 2015.
The QCVN 10:2015/BGTVT replaces QCVN
10:2011/BGTVT.
NATIONAL
TECHNICAL
REGULATION ON SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION FOR URBAN BUS
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Scope
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1.2. Regulated entities
This Regulation applies to facilities
manufacturing, assembling, organizations, individuals importing vehicles,
vehicle parts, and agencies, organizations, individuals related to management,
examination, testing, and certification for technical quality, safety and
environmental protection of urban buses of at least 17 seats.
1.3. Definitions
This Regulation uses terms defined under the
QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT “National technical regulation on safety and environmental
protection for automobiles” (hereinafter referred to as “QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT”)
and the following terms:
1.3.1. “urban bus” means a passenger
automobile designed and equipped for use in the city and suburban areas; this
type of automobile contains seats and standing areas for passengers; allows
passengers to move in a manner that suits regular stopping and parking of the
vehicle.
1.3.2. “articulated bus” means an urban bus
consisting of at least 2 rigid cars connected by a rotating joints and allowing
passengers to move from one car to another. The coupling or decoupling of cars can only
be carried out at factories.
1.3.3. “double-deck bus” means an urban bus
consisting of 2 decks both of which can facilitate passengers while the top
deck does not facilitate standing areas.
1.3.4. “urban bus without roof”(*) means an urban bus
without roof covering a part or the entire floor of the vehicle. In case of a
double-deck bus, only the upper deck is allowed to have no roof. If floor of a
vehicle is either partially or entirely not covered by roof, standing areas for
passengers must not be provided on that floor section (hereinafter referred to
as “open top vehicle”).
1.3.5. “intercommunication staircase” means the staircase
connecting the first deck and the second deck of a double-deck bus (hereinafter
referred to as “stair”).
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1.3.6. “half-staircase” means a type of
staircase connecting the second deck to an emergency exit of a double-deck bus,
is referred to below as exit staircase.
1.3.7. “contrast” means the level of
contrast of light reflected off surfaces of parts and equipment of the vehicle
due to their difference in colors.
1.3.8. “optical device” means a variety of
equipment (including mirrors, monitors forming a closed network, etc.) which
helps operator to observe different sections of the vehicle.
1.3.9. “seat” means passenger
seats, not including seats of operators and attendants.
1.3.10. “deep of tread” refers to horizontal
distance from the outer edge of a tread to the riser of the next tread above or
to the vehicle floor.
1.3.11. “doorway area” means an area within
a 1 meter horizontal radius from the door;
1.3.12. “external step” means the first step
out of or into the doors from the near side.
1.3.13. “floor” means a part of the
vehicle body whose upper surface supports standing passengers, feet of sitting
passengers, operators, attendants, and seat frames;
1.3.14. “access passage” means the passage
that travels through the doors to gangway.
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1.3.16. “driver’s compartment” means a space
dedicated specifically for driver except for cases of emergency, contains
driver’s seat, steering wheel, mechanism, switches, control devices, and other
equipment serving the operation and control of activities of vehicles.
1.3.17. “passenger's compartment” means a space
occupied by passengers. Toilets,
kitchens, liquor bar (if any) are not considered passenger’s compartment.
1.3.18. “total floor area” serving as the basis
for calculating, determining minimum priority floor area, means the entire
floor area of the vehicle, or in case of a double-deck bus, total floor area of
the first deck bar the driver’s compartment, fender, access compartment,
staircases, or all voids intended for luggage.
2. REGULATION ON
SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Urban buses must meet requirements under QCVN
09:2015/BGTVT and this Regulation. In addition, urban buses accessible for
persons with disabilities must meet technical requirements pertaining to
accessibility under QCVN 82:2014/BGTVT.
2.1. Technical
parameters
2.1.1. Percentage of load distributed on
steering axle (or steering axles) must not be lower than 20% of the vehicle's
load when the vehicle is not loaded and 25% of the vehicle’s load when the
vehicle is fully loaded. In
case of articulated buses, this percentage shall be calculated in the first car
and must not be lower than 20% when the vehicle is not loaded and fully loaded.
2.1.2. Turning radius: Specified under
Appendix hereof.
2.1.3. Maximum slope degree which the vehicle
can traverse must not be less than 20% when the vehicle is fully loaded and 12%
when the vehicle is an articulated bus.
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2.1.5. Floor area for passenger S0
means total floor area of the vehicle minus:
- Driver’s compartment area;
- Area of external steps and any locations with
steps where the deep is less than 300 mm;
- Sweeping area of doors and mechanical parts
thereof during opening and closing of the doors;
- Area of coupling section (in case of
articulated bus) must prevent passenger access according to 2.5.9.6;
- Area of staircase, exit staircase, and
treads;
- Area of kitchen, liquor bar, and toilet (if
any).
2.1.6. Floor area for standing passengers S1
is calculated by floor area for passengers S0 minus:
- Floor area with a slope greater than 8%;
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- Area of sections where height from the floor
is less than the height of gangway (excluding handrails when determining these
heights);
- Floor area towards the front (in forward
direction) of the vertical plane that is perpendicular to the median plane of
the bus and intersects with the center of the driver’s seat;
- Area of 250 mm in front of the seats. This
dimension can be reduced to 225 mm if the seats are arranged in a manner where
their planes are perpendicular to the median plane of the vehicle;
- Floor area outside of locations mentioned
above which are not large enough to contain a 400 mm x 300 mm rectangle;
- Floor area for passengers on the second deck
of a double-deck vehicle;
- Area for wheelchairs.
2.1.7. Number of seats on each deck of a
vehicle must not be lower than floor area for use by passengers and attendants
(if any) on that deck, shall be rounded down to the nearest integer, and
reduced by an additional 10% in case of the first deck of a double-deck
vehicle.
2.1.8. The number of seats, standing areas,
and wheelchair spaces must be calculated so that they are all used.
2.1.9. Total calculated weight of wheelchairs
and users thereof shall be determined in accordance with manufacturers and no
less than 250 kg.
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2.2. Suspension
system
2.2.1. Be able to sustain load placed upon
them, provide the necessary comfort when operating on roads. In regard to vehicles
equipped with compressed air suspension system, the suspension system must be
installed in accordance with manufacturers’ regulations and without leak of
compressed air.
2.2.2. Components of suspension system must
be installed firmly and maintain vehicle balance.
2.2.3. Vibration frequency of suspended
sections of the vehicle when it is fully loaded (determined using method under
Appendix 1 of the 09:2015/BGTVT) must not be greater than 2,5 Hz.
2.3. Fuel system
2.3.1. Requirements for gasoline or diesel
engines
2.3.1.1. Do not position any part of fuel
system in passenger’s compartment and driver’s compartment.
2.3.1.2. Parts of fuel system must be far and
physically separated from heat-generating parts, conductor wires, and
electrical equipment; be installed at least 300 mm away from exhaust outlets of
exhaust pipes and at least 200 mm away from electric switches and open sockets.
2.3.1.3. Fuel tanks must be placed fixed, at
least 600 mm away from the front of the vehicle, at least 300 mm away from the
rear of the vehicle, and not protrude out of the vehicle body.
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2.3.2. Requirements for fuel system that uses
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) and other
requirements for fuel system
Satisfy requirements under QCVN
09:2015/BGTVT.
2.4. Working areas
and driver visibility
2.4.1. Driver’s compartment must be designed
in a way that it allows driver to work safely, not be affected by passengers
and luggage during vehicle operation.
2.4.2. Design of driver’s seat, seat-back,
and seat-cushion must allow convenient and comfort for the driver, and easy
adjustment of the seat for the purpose of maintaining visibility in accordance
with 2.4.4.
2.4.3. The positioning of seats next to the
driver (if any) must not influence the driver’s ability to operate the vehicle.
2.4.4. Criteria for
evaluating driver visibility are illustrated under Figure 1 and Schedule 1.
Figure 1 - Driver
visibility
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No.
Criteria
Symbol
Value (m)
1
Length of blind spot
L1
≤ 3,0
2
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L2
≤ 7,0
3
Distance from projection of the vehicle’s
cabin and projection of K on the road (K is placed on the overhead visibility
line, 5 m from the road surface)
L3
≤ 10,0
4
Width of road segment obscured by the pole
B1
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5
Distance from the leftmost limit of
obscured road segment to the left side of the vehicle
B2
≤ 2,0
6
Distance from the rightmost limit of
obscured road segment to the right side of the vehicle
B3
≤ 6,0
2.4.5. If the driver’s compartment is open
top, protective measures must be taken to protect driver from breeze, rain, and
dust.
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2.5. Passenger’s
compartment
2.5.1. Passenger’s compartment must be
designed to ensure safety for passengers.
2.5.2. Effective area for each standing
passenger must not be lower than 0,125 m2. Space for standing
passengers shall be the space where seats are not located on floor area for
passengers mentioned under 2.1.6 and must satisfy the following requirements:
+ Minimum effective height is 1800 mm;
+ Minimum effective width is 300 mm;
+ Handrails and grips are equipped for
standing passengers.
2.5.3. Service door and stairs
2.5.3.1. Minimum effective dimensions of
service doors are specified under Schedule 2.
2.5.3.2. Number of service doors:
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b) In case of articulated vehicles, minimum
number of service doors of the front car is 2, minimum number of service doors
of the back car is 1;
c) If double doors serve as service doors,
each double door is equivalent to 2 single doors for the purpose of calculating
service doors;
d) In case of double deck vehicles:
- Each stair is considered an access passage of
the second deck;
- If the number of passengers occupying the
second deck exceeds 50, at least 2 stairs or at least 1 stair and 1 emergency
exit stair are required.
Schedule 2 - Minimum
effective dimensions of service doors
Number of
passengers
Minimum effective
dimension of door (mm)
Single door
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Width (1)
Height
Width (1)
Height
17 to 40 passengers
650
1700
1200
1700
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650
1800
1200
1800
Note:
(1) This dimension can be reduced by
100 mm if it is measured at the furthest protruding point of the door handle.
Schedule 3: Minimum
number of service doors
Number of
passengers
17 to 45
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Above 90
Minimum number of
service doors
1
2
3
2.5.3.3. Other requirements
a) Service doors must be positioned on the sides
of the vehicles;
b) At least one service door must be located
on the starboard side and on the front half of the vehicle (except Bus Rapid
Transit - BRT or similar modes of transport);
c) At least one door at the back of the
vehicle or the sides of the vehicle is allowed to be designed specifically for
wheelchair accessibility;
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2.5.3.4. Requirements for coupling sections of
articulated vehicles:
a) The gap(1) that is not covered
and located between floor of a car and floor of the turn table or similar
mechanisms must be:
- No more than 1 cm: When all wheels are on the
same plane;
- No more than 2 cm: When wheels of the axle
adjacent to the coupling are parked 15 cm above other axles;
Note:(1) Is measured when the
vehicle is not loaded and parked on horizontal surface
b) Difference in height between floor of a
car and floor of the turn table measured at the coupling must be:
- No more than 2 cm: When all wheels are on the
same plane;
- No more than 3 cm: When wheels of the axle
adjacent to the coupling are parked 15 cm above other axles.
2.5.4. Emergency door
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2.5.4.1. Minimum dimensions of emergency doors:
Width x height = 550
mm x 1200 mm.
2.5.4.2. Emergency doors must be opened with
ease from the inside or outside when the vehicles are not moving. Emergency doors must
be locked from the outside as long as they must also be open from the inside
via regular mechanisms in any circumstance.
2.5.4.3. Emergency doors must not be sliding
door or powered doors (electricity, pneumatic, etc.).
2.5.4.4. All mechanisms and equipment required
to open emergency doors from the outside (emergency doors on the first deck in
regard to a double-deck vehicle) must be within a height of 1000 mm to 1500 mm
from the parking surface and no more than 500 mm from the emergency doors that
they control. All
mechanisms and equipment required to open emergency doors from the inside must
be within a height of 1000 mm to 1500 mm from the floor of the vehicle or the
closest step and no more than 500 mm away from the emergency doors that they
control. This does not apply to mechanisms and equipment located in driver’s
compartment.
2.5.4.5. Emergency doors on the sides of
automobiles must be hinged on the side that is closest to the front of the
vehicle; emergency doors must be out-swinging doors. Braces, chains, or
other restraint devices are allowed if they do not obstruct the opening of
emergency doors and emergency doors must still be able to open to at least 100o.
If inspection gauges can easily reach emergency doors from access passages, the
minimum angle of 100o is not mandatory.
2.5.4.6. Emergency doors must be protected from
unintentional opening. This
requirement does not apply to emergency doors that are automatically locked
when the vehicles move at a velocity greater than 5 km/h.
2.5.4.7. Audible warning devices are required
to inform drivers about emergency doors that have not been fully closed. These
warning devices must be engaged when door handles or hooks are moved from
designated positions.
2.5.4.8. Emergency windows must have minimum
area of 0,4 m2 and must be able to fit a rectangle of 500 mm in height and 700
mm in width (in this case, emergency windows are considered emergency doors).
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2.5.4.10. Hinged emergency windows must be
out-swinging.
2.5.4.11. Emergency windows must be opened
easily from the inside and outside by appropriate mechanisms or must be made of
highly durable glass.
2.5.4.12. Emergency windows that can be locked
from the outside must be opened easily from the inside at any time.
2.5.4.13. In regard to top-hinged emergency
windows, appropriate mechanisms for holding doors in completely opened state
without obstructing access passages to emergency windows from the inside or
outside of the vehicle.
2.5.4.14. The height from the lower edge of
emergency windows on the side of the vehicle to the vehicle floor below the
emergency windows (excluding wheel sections) must not exceed 1200 mm and must
not be lower than 650 mm in case of hinged emergency windows or 500 mm in case
of emergency windows made of highly durable glass.
In case of hinged emergency windows, height
of the lower edge can be reduced to 500 mm if the windows are equipped with
protective measures up to a height of 650 mm in order to prevent falling
hazards. In regard to these protected windows, dimensions of window sections
above the protected sections must not be lower than the minimum dimensions
applicable to emergency windows.
2.5.4.15. Minimum number of emergency doors is
specified under Schedule 4.
Schedule 4 - Minimum
number of emergency doors
Number of
passengers(1)
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31 ÷ 45
46 ÷ 60
61 ÷ 75
76 ÷ 90
> 90
Minimum emergency
doors(2)
4
5
6
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8
9
Note:
(1) In regard to double deck
vehicles/articulated vehicles, number of passenger means the number of
passengers, drivers, and attendants on each deck/car.
(2) Service doors are not considered
emergency doors;
Emergency doors in this schedule include
emergency doors and emergency windows.
2.5.4.16. Toilets, kitchens, liquor bars (if
any), areas connecting cars shall not be included when calculating number of
emergency doors as described above.
2.5.4.17. Double windows or windows of multiple
compartments are equivalent to 2 emergency windows as long as they are
qualified for emergency windows.
2.5.4.18. Each emergency door and emergency
window must be notified by the phrase “CỬA THOÁT KHẨN CẤP” or “EMERGENCY EXIT”
or both together with necessary instructions. Glass breakers must be provided in
areas close to emergency windows made of highly durable glass.
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2.5.5. Seat other than driver’s seat
2.5.5.1. Seats must be firmly installed in
order to ensure safety for seated passengers in normal operation.
2.5.5.2. Seat dimensions:
+ Width: ≥ 400 mm
+ Depth: ≥ 350 mm
+ Height (H): 400 ÷ 500 mm
Seats above fender and engine block can have
its height reduced to 350 mm as long as passenger comfort is guaranteed.
2.5.5.3. Distance from the back of the
seat-back of the front seat to the front of the seat-back of the next seat
behind (L) must not be lower than 630 mm.
2.5.5.4. Distance between the front of
seat-back of 2 facing seats (L0) must not be lower than 1250 mm.
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Schedule 5 -
Distances between seats
Unit: mm
Lmin
L0 min
H
630
1250
400 ÷ 500
(fender and above engine block: H ≥ 350)
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2.5.6. Gangway
- Width: ≥ 400 mm
- Height from floor to ceiling, measured on
gangway:
+ First deck: ≥ 1800 mm
+ Second deck: ≥ 1680 mm
- Slope of gangway: ≤ 8 %.
- The space along gangway must be designed to
facilitate movement of a gauge consisting of 2 concentric cylinders connected
by a cone. Dimensions of the cylinders are described under Figure 3.
If the vehicle is allowed to be fitted with
foldable seats along gangway, the gauge shall be deployed when the seats are
extended if the seats do not automatically fold when unused or when the seats
are folded if the seats automatically fold when unused.
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Figure 3 - Gangway
measurement gauge
2.5.7. Floor
Vehicle floor must be made of non-slip
materials.
2.5.8. Steps
2.5.8.1. Surface of the steps must be rough or
covered with materials that have a lot of friction.
2.5.8.2. Maximum riser height and tread depth
of service doors, stairs, emergency doors, and inside the vehicle are
illustrated under Figure 4 and described under Schedule 6.
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Figure 4 - Riser
height and tread depth
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Unit: mm
The first step
(from the parking surface)
Service door
Maximum riser
height (L1)
400
Minimum tread depth
300(1)
Emergency doors
Maximum riser
height (L1)
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850(2)
Second deck
1500
Minimum tread depth
300
Other steps
Maximum riser
height (L2, L3)
250(3)
Minimum riser
height (L2, L3)
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Minimum effective
tread depth(4)
200
Note:
(1) 200 in case of vehicle with
capacity of up to 40 passengers;
(2) 700 in case of a single-deck
vehicle;
(3) 300 in case of access steps of
doors positioned behind the last axle;
(4) Effective depth is determined by
the surface area on which a person can rest their foot on without slipping;
Riser height from the parking surface is
determined when the vehicle is not loaded;
Riser height (L2, L3)
of each step may vary.
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2.5.8.4. Width and surface of steps must be
large enough so that when a rectangular gauge of 400 mm x 300 mm is placed on
the first surface and a rectangular gauge of 400 mm x 200 mm is placed on other
steps, part of the gauge that protrudes from the steps must not exceed 5% of the
gauge area. In
regard to double doors, each half of access steps must satisfy this
requirement.
2.5.8.5. Slope of steps in any direction must
not exceed 5%.
2.5.8.6. In case of double doors, steps of each
half of access passages must be considered separate steps.
2.5.9. Grips and handrails
2.5.9.1. Grips and handrails must be sturdy to
allow passengers to firmly, safely grip. The handle of grips must have minimum length
of 100 mm; dimensions of cross sections of grips must range from 20 mm to 45
mm. Suspension rope is considered a grip if they are appropriately installed.
2.5.9.2. Grips and handrails must be adequately
equipped, reasonably distributed, and located at a height ranging from 800 mm
to 1800 mm without affecting movement of passengers in the vehicle and when
embarking, disembarking the vehicle.
2.5.9.3. Both sides of service doors must be
fitted with grips and handrails. In regard to a double door, a grip pole can
be positioned in the middle.
2.5.9.4. Both sides of doors must be fitted with
guardrails which separate passenger’s seats from access areas. Height of guardrails
from the floor must not be lower 600 mm.
2.5.9.5. Stair must be fitted with guardrails
and grips.
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+ Floor section with uncovered gap and not
satisfactory to requirements under 2.5.3;
+ Floor section not intended for passenger
transport;
+ Areas where movement of the sides of the
coupling sections can cause danger to passengers;
2.5.9.7. Guardrails are required in areas close
to the front windshield on the second deck of double-deck vehicle. Height of the upper
side of this guardrail must be within 800 mm to 900 mm from the floor. The
guardrails must satisfy requirements relating to guardrails under QCVN
09:2015/BGTVT and this Circular document.
2.5.10. Lighting in passenger’s compartment
Passenger’s compartments must be fitted with
lights to illuminate:
- Gangway;
- All steps;
- If a double-deck vehicle is open top, at
least one light must be installed as close as possible to the top of the stairs
leading to the second deck.
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Passenger’s compartment must be fitted with
devices that inform drivers about passengers wishing to disembark or two-way
communication devices between drivers and passengers if passenger’s compartment
is separate from driver’s compartment.
2.5.12. Airtightness of passenger’s
compartment and driver’s compartment
Vehicles must be inspected for airtightness
in order to prevent water from leaking into the vehicles. The floor must not
allow passage smoke and dust from engine block and from beneath the floor into
the vehicle.
This requirement does not apply to open top
deck.
2.6. Requirements for
protective measures for open top vehicles
An open top vehicle must meet the following
requirements:
2.6.1. A board going along the vehicle’s
width and covering the front of open top section of the vehicle is required. Height of the board
must not be lower than 1400 mm from the floor.
2.6.2. A guardrail going along the sides and
the rear of the open top section of the vehicle is required. The height of the
side guardrails must not be lower than 1100 mm and height of the rear
guardrails must not be lower than 12 mm from the floor. Side and rear
guardrails must be accompanied by continuous glass panels located at a minimum
height of 700 mm from the floor and handrails that meet the following
requirements:
2.6.2.1. Cross sections of the handrails must
not be lower than 20 mm or larger than 45 mm at any point.
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2.6.2.3. They must be firmly attached to the
vehicle structures.
2.6.2.4. Doors of exits must be considered
parts of these protective structures and must satisfy the aforementioned
requirements.
2.6.3. Visibility and communication aid
In case of open top vehicles, drivers must be
provided with visibility aid such as mirrors, periscopes, or video recorders
and monitors in order to monitor activities of passengers in open top areas and
communication devices to allow drivers to communicate with these passengers.
2.7. Other
requirements
2.7.1. Rear-view mirrors
2.7.1.1. Rear-view mirrors must satisfy
requirements under the QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT.
2.7.1.2. In addition, rear-view mirrors or
other devices installed inside vehicles are required to allow drivers to
observe main section of passenger’s compartment and door areas.
2.7.2. Windshield, side glass, rear glass,
roof glass used on any deck of vehicles must satisfy requirements under the
QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT.
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2.7.4. Onboard heat sources
Provide thermal insulation for all heat
sources which cause safety loss to fuel system, electrical system, and other
flammable components.
2.7.5. Fire extinguishers and first-aid kits
must satisfy requirements under the QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT.
2.7.6. Regulations on environmental
protection
Emission, noise, and refrigerant limits in
air conditioners of vehicles must satisfy requirements under the QCVN
09:2015/BGTVT.
3. REGULATIONS ON
MANAGEMENT
3.1. Testing and examination methods
+ Testing and examination methods: Vehicles
must be tested and examined in accordance with Circular No. 30/2011/TT-BGTVT
dated April 15, 2011 of the Minister of Transport and Circular No.
54/2014/TT-BGTVT dated October 20, 2014 of the Minister of Transport.
+ Technical dossiers and testing samples:
Manufacturing facilities, importing organizations and individuals are
responsible for providing technical dossiers and samples for testing in
accordance with applicable regulations of the Ministry of Transport.
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Testing facilities must produce test reports
that include details under this document.
4. ORGANIZING
IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. The Vietnam Register is responsible for the
implementation of this document during technical safety and environmental
protection inspection of urban buses.
4.2. Roadmap for implementation
4.2.1. This Regulation shall apply to
manufactured, assembled vehicles for which the certification for technical
quality, safety and environmental protection has been issued and imported
vehicles which have been examined and issued with certification for technical
quality, safety and environmental protection before the effective date hereof
after 18 months from the effective date hereof.
4.2.2. This Regulation shall apply to
manufactured, assembled vehicles for which the certification for technical
quality, safety, and environmental protection is issued for the first time and
imported vehicles which have not been examined nor issued with the
certification for technical quality, safety, and environmental protection from
January 1, 2017.
4.2.3. Requirements pertaining to testing of
parts and examination, testing or exemption from testing of vehicle emission
shall conform to the QCVN 09:2015/BGTVT.
4.2.4. Requirements pertaining to
refrigerants in vehicle air conditioners (see 2.7.6) shall be implemented in
accordance with the Government's roadmap for reducing and eliminating ozone
depleting substances.
4.3. If Regulations referred to under this
document are amended or replaced, the new versions shall prevail. Roadmap for
implementation shall conform to roadmaps specified under respective
Regulations.
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APPENDIX
TURNING
RADIUS
Vehicles must be able to turn in both
directions within a plane limited by 2 concentric circles (forming a
napkin-ring shape) where radius of the outer circular is 12,5 m and radius of
the inner circle is 5,3 m (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 - Turning
radius
When a vehicle moves in a straight line into
the napkin-ring shape, any part of the vehicle must not protrude from the
vertical plane limited by the outer ring by more than 0,6 m (see Figure 6a and
Figure 6b).
Figure 6a - Turning
radius of rigid vehicle
Figure 6b - Turning
radius of articulated vehicle