NATIONAL STANDARD
TCVN 6824:2018
ROAD VEHICLES - BRAKING DEVICE OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS -
REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS IN TYPE APPROVAL
Foreword
TCVN 6824:2018 replaces TCVN
6824:2001.
TCVN 6824:2018 is based on ECE
78-R1-03 and Amendment 1 to Amendment 4, Corrigendum
1,
Corrigendum 2 and ECE R2-04 "Uniform provisions concerning
the approval of braking device of motorcycles and mopeds”.
TCVN 6824:2018 is drafted by
National Standard Drafting Board for Road Vehicles TCVN/TC 22,
proposed by Directorate for Standards, Metrology, and Quality, and published by
the Ministry of Science and Technology.
ROAD
VEHICLES - BRAKING DEVICE OF MOTORCYCLES AND MOPEDS -
REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS IN TYPE APPROVAL
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1.1. This
Standard applies to vehicles of category L defined in TCVN 8658:2010.
1.2. This
Standard does not apply to:
Vehicles with a maximum
velocity (Vmax) of not exceeding 25 km/h.
Vehicles equipped for disabled
riders.
2.
References
The following references are
very necessary for the application of this Standard. If a document has a
publication year, the specified version shall be applied. If a document does
not have a publication year, the newest version, including amendments (if any),
shall be applied.
TCVN 6011:2015 (ISO
7117:2010), Motorcycles - Measurement method for determining maximum speed.
TCVN 7357:2010, Road vehicles
- Gaseous pollutants emitted by motorcycles - Requirements and test methods in
type approval (with reference to ECE 40).
TCVN 8658:2010, Road vehicles
- Motor vehicle category symbol.
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ECE 90, Uniform
provisions concerning the approval of replacement brake lining assemblies and
drum brake lining for power-driven vehicles and their trailers.
ISO 2575:2010, Road
vehicles - Symbols for controls, indicators and telltales.
3.
Definitions
For the purposes of this
Standard, the terms below shall be construed as follows:
3.1
Antilock brake system (ABS):
A system which senses wheel
slip and automatically modulates the pressure producing the braking forces at
the wheel(s) to limit the degree of wheel slip.
3.2
Approval of a vehicle:
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3.3
Baseline test:
A stop or a series of stops
carried out in order to confirm the performance of the brake prior to
subjecting it to a further test such as the heating procedure or wet brake
stop.
3.4
Brake:
The parts of the brake system
where the forces opposing the movement of the vehicle are developed.
3.5
Brake system:
The combination of parts
consisting of the control, transmission, and brake, but excluding the engine,
whose function it is to progressively reduce the speed of a moving vehicle,
bring it to a halt, and keep it stationary when halted.
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Combined brake system (CBS):
For vehicle categories L1
and L3: a service brake system where at least two brakes on
different wheels are operated by the actuation of a single control.
For vehicle categories L2,
L5, L6 and L7: a service brake system where
the brakes on all wheels are operated by the actuation of a single control.
For vehicle category L4:
a service brake system where the brakes on at least the front and rear wheels
are operated by the actuation of a single control. (If the rear wheel and
sidecar wheel are braked by the same brake system, this is regarded as the rear
brake).
3.7
Components of the braking
system:
One of the individual parts
which, when assembled, constitute the braking system.
3.8
Control:
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3.9
Different types of braking
systems:
Devices which differ in such
essential respects as:
a) Components having different
characteristics;
b) A component made of
materials having different characteristics, or a component differing in shape
or size;
c) A different assembly of the
components.
3.10
Driver mass
The nominal mass of a driver
that shall be 75 kg (subdivided into 68 kg occupant mass at the
seat and 7 kg luggage mass.
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Engine disconnected:
When the engine is no longer
connected to the driving wheel(s).
3.12
Gross vehicle mass or maximum
mass:
The technically permissible
maximum laden mass as declared by the manufacturer.
3.13
Initial brake temperature:
The temperature of the hottest
brake before any brake application.
3.14
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The vehicle is so loaded as to
attain the gross vehicle mass as defined in paragraph 3.12.
3.15
Lightly loaded:
Mass in running order plus 15
kg for test equipment, or the laden condition, whichever is less. In the case
of ABS tests on a low friction surface (Appendix C-C1, C.9.4 to C.9.7), the
mass for test equipment is increased to 30 kg to account for
outriggers.
3.16
Mass in running order:
The sum of the unladen vehicle
mass and driver mass.
3.17
Peak braking coefficient
(PBC):
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3.18
Power-assisted braking system:
3.19
Secondary brake system:
The second service brake
system on a vehicle equipped with a combined brake system.
3.20
Service brake system:
A brake system which is used
for slowing the vehicle when in motion.
3.21
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A brake system which acts on
only one axle.
3.22
Split service brake system
(SSBS):
A brake system that operates
the brakes on all wheels, consisting of two or more subsystems actuated by a
single control designed so that a single failure in any subsystem (such as a
leakage type failure of a hydraulic subsystem) does not impair the operation of
any other subsystem.
3.23
Stopping distance:
The distance travelled by the
vehicle from the point the rider begins to actuate the brake control to the
point at which the vehicle reaches a full stop. For tests where the
simultaneous actuation of two controls is specified, the distance travelled is
taken from the point the first control is actuated.
3.24
Test speed:
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3.25
Transmission:
The combination of components
that provide the functional link between the control and the brake.
3.26
Unladen vehicle mass:
The nominal mass of the vehicle
as indicated by the manufacturer(s) including all factory fitted equipment for
normal operation of that vehicle (e.g. fire extinguisher, tools, spare wheel),
plus coolant, oils, 90% of fuel and 100% of other gas or liquids, as
specified by the manufacturer.
3.27
Vehicle type:
A sub-category of L-category
vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as:
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- The gross vehicle mass, as
defined in paragraph 3.12.
- The distribution of the mass
between the axles.
- Vmax.
- A different type of braking
device.
- The number and arrangement
of the axles.
- The engine type.
- The number and ratios of
gears.
- The final drive ratios.
- The tyre dimensions.
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Vmax:
Either the speed attainable by
accelerating at a maximum rate from a standing start for a distance of 1,6 km
on a level surface, with the vehicle lightly loaded, other speed measured in
accordance with TCVN 6011 (ISO 7117)
3.29
Wheel lock:
The condition that occurs when
there is a slip ratio of 1,00.
3.30
Emergency braking signal:
The logic signal indicating
emergency braking specified in paragraphs 5.1.15. to 5.1.15.2. of this
Standard.
4.
Technical documentation and test models
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4.1.1. A description of the
vehicle type with regard to the items specified in paragraph 3.2 of this Standard.
The numbers and/or symbols identifying the vehicle type and the engine type
shall be specified.
4.1.2. A list of components
constituting the braking devices, all of which must be duly identified.
4.1.3. A diagram of the
assembled braking system and an indication of the position of its components on
the vehicle;
4.1.4. Detailed drawings of
each component to enable it to be easily located and identified.
4.2. Test models
A vehicle, representative of
the vehicle type to be approved, shall be submitted to the testing facility
responsible for conducting the approval tests.
5..
Technical requirements
5.1.
General requirements
5.1.1. Each
vehicle shall meet each of the tests specified for a vehicle of its category
and for those brake features on the vehicle.
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Vehicles shall have
configurations that enable a rider to actuate the service brake system control
while seated in the normal driving position and with both hands on the steering
control.
5.1.3. Secondary
brake system control operation
Vehicles shall have
configurations that enable a rider to actuate the secondary brake system
control while seated in the normal driving position and with at least one hand
on the steering control.
5.1.4. Parking brake system
If a parking brake system is
fitted, it shall hold the vehicle stationary on the slope prescribed in
paragraph C.1.1.4 of Appendix C-C1.
The parking brake system
shall:
- Have a control which is
separate from the service brake system controls; and
- Be held in the locked
position by solely mechanical means.
Vehicles shall have
configurations that enable a rider to be able to actuate the parking brake
system while seated in the normal driving position.
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5.1.5. Two-wheeled
vehicles of categories L1 and L3 shall be equipped with
either two separate service brake systems, or a split service brake system,
with at least one brake operating on the front wheel and at least one brake
operating on the rear wheel.
5.1.6. Three-wheeled
vehicles of vehicles category L4 shall comply with the brake system
requirements set out in paragraph 5.1.5. A brake on the sidecar wheel is
not required if the vehicle meets the performance requirements prescribed in
Appendix C-C1.
5.1.7. Three-wheeled
vehicles of category L2 and four-wheeled vehicles of category L6
shall be equipped with a parking brake system plus one of the following service
brake systems:
a) Two separate service brake
systems, except CBS, which, when applied together, operate the brakes on all
wheels; or
b) A split service brake
system; or
c) A CBS that operates the
brakes on all wheels and a secondary brake system which may be the parking
brake system.
5.1.8. Category
L5 vehicles and category L7 vehicles shall be equipped
with:
5.1.8.1. A
parking brake system; and
5.1.8.2. A
foot-actuated service brake system which operates on the brakes on all wheels,
by way of either:
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b) A CBS that operates the
brakes on all wheels and a secondary brake system, which may be the parking
brake system.
5.1.9. In
cases where two separate service brake systems are installed, the systems may
share a common brake, a common transmission, or both if the requirements of
Appendix C-C1, C.12 are met.
5.1.10. For
vehicles that use hydraulic fluid for brake force transmission, the master
cylinder shall:
Have a sealed, covered,
separate reservoir for each brake system;
a) Have a minimum reservoir
capacity equivalent to 1,5 times the total fluid displacement required to
satisfy the new to fully worn lining condition with the worst case brake
adjustment condition; and
b) Have a reservoir where the
fluid level is visible for checking without removal of the cover.
5.1.11. All
warning lamps shall be mounted in the rider's view.
5.1.12.
Vehicles that are equipped with a split service brake system shall be fitted
with a red warning lamp, which shall be activated:
a) When there is a hydraulic
failure on the application of a force of ≤ 90 N on the control;
or
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(i) That which is specified by
the manufacturer; and
(ii) That which is less than
or equal to half of the fluid reservoir capacity.
To permit function checking,
the warning lamp shall be illuminated by the activation of the ignition switch
and shall be extinguished when the check has been completed. The warning lamp
shall remain on while a failure condition exists whenever the ignition switch
is in the "ON" position.
5.1.13. Vehicles
that are equipped with an ABS system shall be fitted with a yellow warning
lamp. The lamp shall be activated whenever there is a malfunction that affects
the generation or transmission of signals in the vehicle's ABS system.
To permit function checking,
the warning lamp shall be illuminated by the activation of the ignition switch
and extinguished when the check has been completed.
The warning lamp shall remain
on while a failure condition exists whenever the ignition switch is in the
"ON" position.
5.1.14. The
effectiveness of the braking systems, including the anti-lock system, shall not
be adversely affected by magnetic or electrical fields. This shall be
demonstrated by fulfilling the technical requirements and respecting the
transitional provisions of ECE 10 (EMC) by applying:
The 03 series of amendments
for vehicles without a coupling system for charging the rechargeable electric
energy storage system (traction batteries);
The 04 series of amendments
for vehicles with a coupling system for charging the rechargeable electric
energy storage system (traction batteries).
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NOTE: During type approval,
the fulfillment of this requirement must be confirmed by the vehicle
manufacturer.
5.1.15.1. The
signal shall not be activated when the vehicle deceleration is below 6 m/s2
but it may be generated at any deceleration at or above this value, the actual
value being defined by the vehicle manufacturer. The signal shall be
de-activated at the latest when the deceleration has fallen below 2,5 m/s2.
5.1.15.2. The
following conditions may also be used:
a) The signal may be generated
from a prediction of the vehicle deceleration resulting from the braking demand
respecting the activation and de-activation thresholds defined in paragraph
5.1.15.1;
or
b) The signal may be activated
at a speed above 50 km/h when the antilock system is fully cycling (as defined
in paragraph C.9.1 of Appendix C-C1) and deceleration is at least 2,5m/s2.
The signal shall be deactivated when the antilock system is no longer fully
cycling.
5.1.16. A
means to disable the antilock brake system is not permitted.
By derogation, a means to
disable the antilock brake system (e.g. switch, lever, button, menu) is allowed
if the vehicle is fitted with a riding mode selector allowing an
"off-road" or "all terrain" mode and the following
provisions are met:
- The vehicle is stationary;
and
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a) Simultaneous actuation of
the antilock brake system disable-switch and a service brake system control
(brake lever or pedal); or
b) The actuation of the
antilock brake system disable switch for a minimum of 02 seconds; or
c) The progression through at
least two successive steps or levels of actuation of a control (e.g. rotating
knob, a touch panel switch or a menu option selector);
- Disabling of the antilock
brake system function shall only be allowed when the riding mode selector is in
the "off-road" or "all terrain" mode; and
- The antilock brake system
function shall be automatically enabled after each start-up of the vehicle,
except for restarts after unintentional stalling of the engine; and
- When disabled, the antilock
brake system function shall be indicated by the symbol B.18 as specified in ISO
2575:2010, ISO 7000-2623 or any equivalent tell-tale that the ABS is disabled.
As a substitute, the warning lamp referred to in 5.1.13 shall be continuously
activated (lit or flashing); and
- Prohibition of any software
and/or hardware defeat device compromising or allowing to circumnavigate one or
more of the requirements set out in points (a) to (e); and
- Enabling of a functional
stage which complies with anti-lock brake system requirements (e.g. simple
press of a button or switch) must be under warranty and proven to the
satisfaction of the certifying authority;
5.2.
Durability
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5.2.2. The
friction material thickness shall either be visible without disassembly, or
where the friction material is not visible, wear shall be assessed by means of
a device designed for that purpose.
5.2.3.
During all the tests in this Regulation and on their completion, there shall be
no friction material detachment and no leakage of brake fluid.
5.3.
Measurement of dynamic performance
The method used to measure
performance is as specified in the respective tests in Appendix C-C1.There are
three ways in which the service brake system performance may be measured:
5.3.1. MFDD
(Mean Fully Developed Deceleration):
Calculation of MFDD:
Where:
dm = mean fully
developed deceleration
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Vb = vehicle speed
at 0,8 V1 in km/h
Ve = vehicle speed
at 0,1 V1 in km/h
Sb = distance
travelled between V1 and Vb in meters
Se = distance
travelled between V1 and Ve in meters
5.3.2.
Stopping distance:
Based on the basic equations
of motion:
S =
0,1 · V + (X) · V2
Where:
S = stopping distance, m
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X = a variable based on the
requirement for each test
To calculate the corrected
stopping distance using the actual vehicle test speed, the following formula is
used:
Ss
= 0,1 · Vs + (Sa - 0,1 · Va) · Vs2/Va2
Where:
Ss = corrected
stopping distance, m
Vs = specified
vehicle test speed, km/h
Sa = actual
stopping distance, m
Va = actual vehicle
test speed, km/h
NOTE: This equation is only
valid when the actual test speed (Va) is within ± 5 km/h of the
specified test speed (Vs).
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For the burnishing procedure
and tests such as the wet brake and heat fade-heating procedure, there is a
continuous recording of the vehicle's instantaneous deceleration from the
moment a force is applied to the brake control until the end of the stop.
5.4.
Brake lining materials:
Brake linings shall not
contain asbestos.
6.
Tests
The braking tests (test
conditions and procedures) which vehicles submitted for approval are required
to undergo, and the braking performance required, are prescribed in Appendix
C-C1 of this Standard.
7.
Modifications of vehicle type or braking system
Every modification of the
vehicle type or of its braking system must not have an appreciable adverse
effect and in any case the vehicle still complies with the requirements.
8.
Conformity of production
Every vehicle (system)
approved to this Standard shall be so manufactured as to conform to the type
approved by meeting the requirements set forth in Article 5 of this Standard.
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Appendix A-A1 (*)
(for reference)
Sample type approval notification of member states of UNECE's
1958 Agreement
NOTE: The letter E inside the
circle is the symbol for type approval of these countries
[Maximum
format: A4 (210x297)]
Type
approval notification
Issued by: Name of competent
authority
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....................................
concerning:(2)
Approval granted
Approval refused
Approval extended
Approval withdrawn
Production discontinued
of a type of vehicle of
category L with regard to braking pursuant ECE 78
Approval No.
.................................... Extension No. ....................................
1. Trade name or mark of the
vehicle
........................................................................
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3. Name and address of the
manufacturer
.....................................................................................
4. Name and address of the
manufacturer's representative (if applicable)
.........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
5. Summarized description
................................................................................................
5.1. Vehicle:
........................................................................
Category of vehicle:
..................................................
Gross vehicle mass of vehicle:
.......................................
5.2.
Engine.................................................................
5.3.
Transmission............................................................................................................
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Final drive ratio:
.....................................................................................
Tyre dimensions:
...........................................................................................................................
5.4 Braking
system:
Make(s) and type(s) of
linings:
................................................................................................
Service brake(s) (front, rear,
combined)(2)
Secondary braking, parking
brake (if applicable)(2)
Other systems (anti‑lock
brakes, etc.)
6. Facility conducting
approval tests:
........................................................................................
7. Date of test report:
............................................................................................................
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9. Reason for extension of
approval:
..............................................................................................
10. Other remarks (if
applicable), (right or left hand driven) :
.............................................
11. Location:
.............................................................................................................................
12. Date:
...................................................................................................................................
13. Signature:
................................................................................................................................
14. Attached list of parts
constituting the approval documents, which can be obtained on request,
submitted to the Type Approval Authority which has delivered the approval.
NOTES:
(*)At the
request of the applicant for ECE 90 approval, the competent testing
facility shall provide the information as contained in Appendix A-A2.
However, this information shall not be provided for purposes other than
ECE 90 approval.
(1) Distinguishing number of
the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn approval (see approval
provisions in ECE 78).
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Appendix A-A2
(for reference)
List of vehicle data for the purpose of ECE 90 approvals (*)
1. Description of the vehicle
type............................................................................................................
1.1. Trade name or mark of the
vehicle, if available: .........................................
1.2. Vehicle
category...............................................................................................................................
1.3. Vehicle type according to
ECE 78 approval: ........................................................................
1.4. Models or trade names of
vehicles constituting the vehicle type, if available:
.......................................
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2. Make and type of brake
linings
..............................................................................................
3. Minimum mass of vehicle:
...............................................................................................
3.1. Distribution of mass of
each axle (maximum value):
.........................................................
4. Gross vehicle mass of
vehicle:
...............................................................................................
4.1. Distribution of mass of
each axle (maximum value):
.........................................................
5. Vmax :
.................................... km/h
6. Tyre and wheel dimensions:
...........................................................................................................................
7. Configuration of the
independent braking systems:
...........................................................................
8. Specifications of brake
valves (if applicable):
...........................................................................
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8.2. Setting of pressure
valve: ...........................................................................................................
9. Specification of brake:
..........................................................................................
9.1. Disc brake type (e.g.
number of pistons with diameter(s), ventilated or solid disc):
......................
9.2. Drum brake type (e.g.
simplex, with piston size and drum dimensions):
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. Master cylinder type and
size (if applicable):
......................................................................
NOTES:
(*)At the request of the
applicant for ECE 90 approval, the competent authority shall provide the
information as contained in Appendix A-A2. However, this information shall
not be provided for purposes other than ECE 90 approval.
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(for reference)
Model approval marks of member States of UNECE's 1958
Agreement
Model
A
a ≥ 8 mm
The above approval mark affixed
to a vehicle shows that the vehicle type concerned has, with regard to braking,
been approved in the United Kingdom (E11) pursuant to ECE 78 under approval
number 022439.The first two digits of the approval number indicate that ECE 78
already included 02 amendments when the approval was granted.
Model
B
a ≥ 8
mm
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NOTE:1) This latter
number is given merely as an example.
Appendix C-C1
(regulations)
Test conditions, procedures and performance requirements
C.1. General requirements
C.1.1. Test surfaces
C.1.1.1.
High friction surface:
a) Applicable to all dynamic
brake tests excluding the ABS tests where a low-friction surface is specified;
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c) The surface has a nominal
peak braking coefficient (PBC) of 0,9, unless otherwise specified.
C.1.1.2. Low
friction surface:
a) Applicable to all dynamic
brake tests excluding the ABS tests where a low-friction surface is specified;
b) The test area is a clean
and level surface, with a gradient ≤ 1 %;
c) The surface has a PBC of
≤ 0,45.
C.1.1.3.
Measurement of PBC
The PBC is measured as
determined by the approval Type Approval Authority using either:
a) An ASTM International
(ASTM) E1136-93 (re-approved 2003) standard reference test tyre, in accordance
with ASTM Method E1337‑90 (re‑approved 2008), at a speed of 40 mph; or
b) The method specified in
Appendix C-C2:
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The specified test slope shall
have a test surface gradient of 18 % and shall have a clean and dry surface
that does not deform under the mass of the vehicle.
C.1.1.5. Test
lane width:
For two-wheeled vehicles
(vehicle categories L1 and L3) the test lane width is
2,5 m.
For three-wheeled and
four-wheeled vehicles (vehicle categories L2, L4, L5,
L6 and L7) the test lane width is 2,5 m plus
the vehicle width.
C.1.2.
Ambient temperature
The ambient temperature is
between 4 °C and 45 °C.
C.1.3. Wind
speed
The wind speed is not more
than 5 m/s.
C.1.4. Test
speed tolerance
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In the event of the actual
test speed deviating from the specified test speed, the actual stopping
distance is corrected using the formula in paragraph 5.3.2. of this Standard.
C.1.5. Automatic
transmission
Vehicles with automatic
transmission shall complete all tests - whether they are for "engine
connected" or "engine disconnected".
If an automatic transmission
has a neutral position, the neutral position is selected for tests where
"engine disconnected" is specified.
C.1.6. Vehicle
position and wheel lock:
a) The vehicle is positioned
in the centre of the test lane for the beginning of each stop
b) Stops are made without the
vehicle wheels passing outside the applicable test lane and without wheel lock.
C.1.7. Test sequence
Table
C1
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Paragraph
1. Dry stop - single brake
control actuated
C.3
2. Dry stop - all service
brake controls actuated
C.4
3. High speed
C.5
4. Wet brake
C.6
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C.7
6. If fitted:
6.1. Parking brake system
C.8
6.2. ABS
C.9
6.3. Partial failure, for
split service brake systems
C.10
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C.11
1) Heat fade is always the
last test to be carried out.
C.2. Preparation
C.2.1. Engine
idle speed
The engine idle speed is set
to the manufacturer's specification.
C.2.2. Tyre
pressures
The tyres are inflated to the
manufacturer's specification for the vehicle loading condition for the test.
C.2.3. Control
application points and direction
For a hand control lever, the
input force (F) is applied on the control lever's forward surface perpendicular
to the axis of the lever fulcrum and its outermost point on the plane along
which the control lever rotates (see Figure C1).
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Figure
C1 - Hand control lever
The input force is applied to
a point located 50 mm from the outermost point of the control lever, measured
along the axis between the central axis of the fulcrum of the lever and its
outermost point.
For a foot control pedal, the
input force is applied to the centre of, and at right angles to, the control
pedal.
C.2.4. Brake
temperature measurement
As determined by the Type
Approval Authority, the brake temperature is measured on the approximate centre
of the braking path of the disc or drum using:
a) A rubbing thermocouple that
is in contact with the surface of the disc or drum; or
b) A thermocouple that is
embedded in the friction material.
C.2.5 Burnishing
procedure
The vehicle brakes are
burnished prior to evaluating performance. This procedure may be completed by
the manufacturer:
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b) Engine disconnected;
c) Test speed:
- Initial speed: 50 km/h or
0,8 Vmax, whichever is lower;
- Final speed = 5 to 10 km/h;
d) Brake application:
- Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
e) Vehicle deceleration:
- Single front brake system
only:
3,0 - 3,5 m/s2 for
vehicle categories L3 and L4;
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- Single rear brake system
only: 1,5- 2,0 m/s2;
- CBS or split service brake
system: 3,5 - 4,0 m/s2;
f) Number of decelerations:
100 per brake system;
g) Initial brake temperature
before each brake application ≤ 100 °C;
h) For the first stop,
accelerate the vehicle to the initial speed and then actuate the brake control
under the conditions specified until the final speed is reached. Then
reaccelerate to the initial speed and maintain that speed until the brake
temperature falls to the specified initial value. When these conditions are
met, reapply the brake as specified. Repeat this procedure for the number of
specified decelerations. After burnishing, adjust the brakes in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations.
C.3. Dry stop test - single
brake control actuated
C.3.1. Vehicle
condition:
a) The test is applicable to
all vehicle categories;
b) Laden:
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c) Engine disconnected.
C.3.2. Test
conditions and procedure:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
b) Test speed:
- Vehicle categories L1,
L2 and L6: 40 km/h or 0,9 Vmax, whichever is
lower;
- Vehicle categories L3,
L4, L5 and L7: 60 km/h or 0,9 Vmax,
whichever is lower;
c) Brake application:
- Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
d) Brake actuation force:
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- Foot control:
≤ 350 N for vehicle
categories L1, L2, L3, L4 and L6;
≤ 500 N for vehicle categories
L5 and L7;
e) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 6 stops;
f) For each stop, accelerate the
vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control under the
conditions specified in this paragraph.
C.3.3. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in paragraph C.3.2, the
stopping distance shall be as specified in column 2 or the MFDD shall be as
specified in column 3 of the Table C2 below:
Table
C2 - Performance requirements
Column
1
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Column
3
Vehicle
Category
STOPPING
DISTANCE(S)
(Where
V is the specified test speed (km/h) and S is the required stopping distance
(m)
MFDD
Single brake system, front
wheel(s) braking only:
L1
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0111 V2
≥ 3,4
m/s2
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S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0143 V2
≥ 2,7
m/s2
L3
S ≤ 0,1 V +. 0,0087V2
≥ 4,4
m/s2
L5
and L7
Not applicable
Not
applicable
L4
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≥ 3,6
m/s2
Single brake system, rear
wheel(s) braking only:
L1
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0143 V2
>
2,7 m/s2
L2
and L6
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0143
V2
≥ 2,7
m/s2
L3
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≥ 2,9
m/s2
L5
and L7
Not applicable
Not
applicable
L4
S ≤ 0,1
v + 0,0105 V2
≥ 3,6
m/s2
Vehicles with CBS or split
service brake systems: for laden and lightly loaded conditions:
L1
L2 and L6
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>4,4
m/s2
L3
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0076 V2
>
5,1 m/s2
L5
and L7
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0077 V2
>
5,0 m/s2
l4
S ≤ 0,1
V + 0,0071 V2
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Vehicles with CBS -
secondary service brake systems:
ALL
S ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0154 V2
≥ 2,5
m/s2
C.4. Dry stop test – all
service brake controls actuated
C.4.1. Vehicle
condition:
a) The test is applicable to
vehicle categories L3, L4, L5 and L7;
b) Lightly loaded;
c) Engine disconnected.
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a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and < 100 °C;
b) Test speed: 100 km/h or 0,9
Vmax, whichever is lower;
c) Brake application:
Simultaneous actuation of both
brake controls, in the case of a vehicle with two service brake systems or
actuation of the single brake control in the case of a vehicle with one service
brake system.
a) Brake actuation force:
Hand control:
≤ 250 N;
Foot control:
≤ 400 N for vehicle categories L3 and L4;
≤ 500 N for vehicle categories
L5 and L7;
c) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 6 stops;
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C.4.3. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in paragraph C.4.2, the
stopping distance (S) shall be S ≤ 0,0060 V2 (where V is
the specified test speed (km/h) and S is the required stopping distance (m)).
C.5. High speed test
C.5.1. Vehicle
conditions:
a) The test is applicable to
vehicle categories L3, L4, L5 and L7;
b) Test is not required for
vehicles with Vmax ≤ 125 km/h;
c) Lightly loaded;
d) Engine connected with the
transmission in the high gear.
C.5.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
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b) Test speed: 0,8 Vmax
for vehicles with Vmax > 125 km/h and < 200 km/h; 160 km/h for
vehicles with Vmax ≥ 200 km/h;
c) Brake application:
Simultaneous actuation of both
brake controls, in the case of a vehicle with two service brake systems or
actuation of the single brake control in the case of a vehicle with one service
brake system.
d) Brake actuation force:
Hand control:
≤ 200 N;
Foot control:
≤ 350 N for vehicle categories L3 and L4;
≤ 500 N for vehicle categories
L5 and L7;
e) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 6 stops;
f) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control(s) under the
conditions specified in this paragraph.
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When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in C.5.2:
a) The stopping distance (S)
shall be ≤ 0,1 V + 0.0067 V2
(Where V is the specified test
speed (km/h) and S is the required stopping distance (m)); or
b) The MFDD shall
be > 5.8 m/s2.
C.6. Wet brake test
C.6.1. General requirements:
a) The test is comprised of
two parts that are carried out consecutively for each brake system:
- A baseline test based on the
dry stop test - single brake control actuated (C.3 of this Appendix);
- A single wet brake stop
using the same test parameters as above, but with the brakes being continuously
sprayed with water while the test is conducted in order to measure the brakes'
performance in wet conditions;
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c) Drum brakes or fully
enclosed disc brakes are exempt from this test unless ventilation or open
inspection ports are present;
d) This test requires the
vehicle to be fitted with instrumentation that gives a continuous recording of
brake control force and vehicle deceleration. The MFDD and the stopping distance
measurements are not appropriate in this case.
C.6.2. Vehicle condition:
a) The test is applicable to
all vehicle categories;
b) Laden:
For vehicles fitted with CBS
and split service brake systems: the vehicle is tested in the lightly loaded
condition in addition to the laden condition;
c) Engine disconnected;
d) Each brake is fitted with
water spray equipment:
i) Disc brakes: Sketch of
water spray equipment:
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Figure
C2 - Water spray equipment
The disc brake water spray
equipment is installed as follows:
a) Water is sprayed onto each
brake with a flow rate of 15 l/hither water is equally distributed on each side
of the rotor;
b) If the surface of the rotor
has any shielding, the spray is applied 45° prior to the shield;
c) If it is not possible to
locate the spray in the position shown on the sketch, or if the spray coincides
with a brake ventilation hole or similar, the spray nozzle may be advanced by
an additional 90° maximum from the edge of the pad, using the same radius;
d) Drum brakes with
ventilation and open inspection ports:
C.6.3. Baseline test
C.6.3.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
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i) The average brake control
force measured when the vehicle is travelling between 80 % and 10 % of the
specified test speed;
ii) The average vehicle deceleration
in the period 0,5 to 1,0 seconds after the point of actuation of the brake
control;
iii) The maximum vehicle
deceleration during the complete stop but excluding the final 0,5 seconds;
iiii) Conduct 3 baseline stops
and average the values obtained in (i), (ii), and (iii).
C.6.4. Wet
brake stop
C.6.4.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) The vehicle is driven at
the test speed used in the baseline test set out in paragraph C.6.3 with
the water spray equipment operating on the brake(s) to be tested and with no
application of the brake system;
b) After a distance of
≥ 500 m, apply the averaged brake control force determined in the
baseline test for the brake system being tested;
c) Measure the average vehicle
deceleration in the period 0,5 to 1,0 seconds after the point of actuation of
the brake control;
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C.6.5. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in paragraph C.6.4.1, the wet
brake deceleration performance shall be:
a) The value measured in
paragraph C.6.4.1(c) ≥ 60 % of the averaged deceleration
values recorded in the baseline test in paragraph C.6.3.1(a)(ii), i.e. in
the period 0,5 to 1,0 seconds after the point of application of the brake
control; and
b) The value measured in
C.6.4.1(d) ≤ 120 % of the averaged deceleration values recorded in
the baseline test C.6.3.1(a)(iii), i.e. during the complete stop but excluding
the final 0,5 seconds.
C.7. Heat fade test
C.7.1. General
requirements:
a) The test is comprised of 3
parts that are carried out consecutively for each brake system:
(i) A baseline test using the
dry stop test - single brake control actuated (C.3 of this Appendix);
(ii) A heating procedure which
consists of a series of repeated stops in order to heat the brake(s);
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b) The test is applicable to
vehicle categories L3, L4, L5 and L7;
c) The test is not applicable
to parking brake systems and secondary service brake systems;
d) All stops are carried out
with the vehicle laden;
e) The heating procedure
requires the vehicle to be fitted with instrumentation that gives a continuous
recording of brake control force and vehicle deceleration. The MFDD and
stopping distance measurements are not appropriate for the heating procedure.
The baseline test and the hot brake stop require the measurement of either MFDD
or the stopping distance.
C.7.2. Baseline test
C.7.2.1. Vehicle
conditions: Engine disconnected.
C.7.2.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
b) Test speed: 60 km/h or 0,9
Vmax, whichever is lower;
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d) Brake actuation force:
Hand control:
≤ 200 N;
Foot control: ≤ 350 N
for vehicle categories L3 and L4;
≤ 500 N for vehicle categories
L5 and L7
e) Accelerate the vehicle to
the test speed, actuate the brake control under the conditions specified and
record the control force required to achieve the vehicle braking performance
specified in the Table in c.3.3. of this Appendix.
C.7.3 Heating procedure
C.7.3.1. Vehicle
conditions:
Engine transmission:
(i) From the specified test
speed to 50 % specified test speed: connected, with the highest appropriate
gear selected such that the engine speed remains above the manufacturer's
specified idle speed;
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C.7.3.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature
prior to first stop only: ≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
b) Test speed:
Single brake system, front
wheel braking only: 100 km/h or 0,7 Vmax, whichever is lower;
Single brake system, REAR
wheel braking only: 80 km/h or 0,7 Vmax, whichever is lower;
CBS or split service brake
system:100 km/h or 0,7 Vmax, whichever is lower;
c) Brake application:
Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
d) Brake actuation force:
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The constant control force
that achieves a vehicle deceleration rate of 3,0 ‑ 3,5 m/s2
while the vehicle is decelerating between 80 % and 10 % of the specified
speed;
If the vehicle is unable to
achieve the specified vehicle deceleration rate, this stop is carried out to
meet the deceleration requirements in the table in C.3.3. of this Appendix;
(ii) For the remaining stops:
- The same constant brake
control force as used for the first stop;
- Number of stops: 10;
- Interval between stops:
1000 m;
- Carry
out a stop to the conditions specified in this paragraph and then immediately
use maximum acceleration to reach the specified speed and maintain that speed
until the next stop is made.
C.7.4. Hot brake stop
C.7.4.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
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C.7.5. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in C.7.4.1:
a) The stopping distance: S2
≤ 1.67 S1 - 0.67 x 0,1 V
Where:
S1 = corrected
stopping distance (m) achieved in the baseline test set out in C.7.2.
S2 = corrected
stopping distance (m) achieved in the hot brake stop set out in C.7.4.1.
V = specified test speed in
km/h; or
b) MFDD ≥ 60 %
of the MFDD recorded in the test set out in C.7.2.
C.8. Parking brake system test
- for vehicles equipped with parking brakes
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a) The test is applicable to
vehicle categories L2, L4, L5 and L7;
b) Laden:
c) Engine disconnected.
C.8.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≤ 100 °C;
b) Test surface gradient = 18
%;
c) Brake actuation force: Hand
control: ≤ 400 N; Foot control:≤ 500 N;
d) For the first part of the
test, park the vehicle on the test surface gradient facing up the slope by
applying the parking brake system under the conditions specified in this
paragraph. If the vehicle remains stationary, start the measurement of the test
period;
e) On completion of the test
with vehicle facing up the gradient, repeat the same test procedure with the
vehicle facing down the gradient.
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When tested in accordance with
the test procedure set out in C.8.2, the parking brake system shall hold the
vehicle stationary for 5 minutes when the vehicle is both facing up and facing
down the gradient.
C.9. ABS tests
C.9.1. General requirements:
a) The tests are only
applicable to the ABS if fitted and enabled;
b) The tests are to confirm
the performance of brake systems equipped with ABS and their performance in the
event of ABS electrical failure;
c) "Fully cycling"
means that the anti-lock system is repeatedly or continuously modulating the
brake force to prevent the directly controlled wheels from locking;
d) Wheel-lock is allowed as
long as the stability of the vehicle is not affected to the extent that it
requires the operator to release the control or causes a vehicle wheel to pass
outside the test lane.
The test series comprises the
following individual tests, which may be carried out in any order:
Table
C2. ABS tests
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Paragraph
a. Stops on a high friction
surface - as specified in C.1.1.1.
C.9.3
b. Stops on a low friction
surface - as specified in C.1.1.2.
C.9.4
c. Wheel lock checks on high
and low friction surfaces.
C.9.5
d. Wheel lock check - high
to low friction surface transition.
C.9.6
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C.9.7
f. Stops with an ABS
electrical failure.
C.9.8
C.9.2. Vehicle
conditions:
a) Lightly loaded;
b) Engine disconnected.
C.9.3. Stops
on a high friction surface:
C.9.3.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
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c) Brake application:
Simultaneous actuation of both
brake controls, in the case of a vehicle with two service brake systems or
actuation of the single brake control in the case of a vehicle with one service
brake system.
d) Brake actuation force:
The force applied is that
which is necessary to ensure that the ABS will be fully cycling throughout each
stop, down to 10 km/h;
e) If one wheel is not
equipped with ABS, the control for the service brake on that wheel shall be
actuated with a force that is lower than the force that will cause the wheel to
lock;
f) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 6 stops;
g) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control under the
conditions specified in this paragraph;
C.9.3.2. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedures set out in C.9.3.1:
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b) There shall be no wheel
lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
C.9.4. Stops
on a low friction surface:
C.9.4.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
As set out in C. 9.3.1, but
using the low friction surface instead of the high friction one;
C.9.4.2. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedures set out in C.9.4.1:
a) The stopping distance (S) shall
be < 0,0056 V2/P (where V is the specified test speed (km/h), P
is the peak braking coefficient and S is the required stopping distance (m)) or
the MFDD shall be ≥ 6,87 x P, (m)/s2;
and
b) There shall be no wheel
lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
C.9.5. Wheel
lock checks on high and low friction surfaces:
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a) Test surfaces:
(i) High friction; and
(ii) Low friction;
b) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
c) Test speed:
(i) On the high friction
surface: 80 km/h or 0,8 Vmax, whichever is lower;
(ii) On the low friction
surface: 60 km/h or 0,8 Vmax, whichever is lower;
d) Brake application:
(i) Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
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e) Brake actuation force:
The force applied is that
which is necessary to ensure that the ABS will be fully cycling throughout each
stop, down to 10 km/h;
f) Brake application rate:
The brake control actuation
force is applied in 0,1 - 0,5 seconds;
g) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 3 stops;
h) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control under the
conditions specified in this paragraph;
C.9.5.2. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedures set out in C.9.5.1, there shall be no wheel
lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
C.9.6. Wheel lock check - low
to high friction surface transition:
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a) Test surfaces:
A high friction surface
immediately followed by a low friction surface;
b) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
c) Test speed:
The speed that will result in
50 km/h or 0,5 Vmax, whichever is lower, at the point where the
vehicle passes from the high friction to the low friction surface;
d) Brake application:
(i) Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
(ii) Where ABS is fitted to
both brake systems, simultaneous actuation of both brake controls in addition
to (i);
e) Brake actuation force:
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f) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 3 stops;
g) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control before the
vehicle reaches the transition from one friction surface to the other;
C.9.6.2. Performance
requirements:
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedures set out in C.9.6.1, there shall be no wheel
lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
C.9.7. Wheel
lock check - low to high friction surface transition:
C.9.7.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Test surfaces:
A high friction surface
immediately followed by a high friction surface with a
PBC ≥ 0,8;
b) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
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The speed that will result in
50 km/h or 0,5 Vmax, whichever is lower, at the point where the
vehicle passes from the high friction to the low friction surface;
d) Brake application:
(i) Each service brake system
control actuated separately;
(ii) Where ABS is fitted to
both brake systems, simultaneous application of both brake controls in addition
to (i);
e) Brake actuation force:
The force applied is that
which is necessary to ensure that the ABS will be fully cycling throughout each
stop, down to 10 km/h;
f) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 3 stops;
g) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control before the
vehicle reaches the transition from one friction surface to the other;
h) Record the vehicle's
continuous deceleration;
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a) When the brakes are tested
in accordance with the test procedures set out in C.9.7.1, there shall be no
wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
b) Within 1 second of the rear
wheel passing the transition point between the low and high friction surfaces,
the vehicle deceleration shall increase.
C.9.8. Stops with an ABS
electrical failure:
C.9.8.1. Test
conditions and procedures:
With the ABS electrical system
disabled, carry out the test set out in C.3 of this Appendix, (Dry stop test –
single brake control actuated) applying the conditions relevant to the brake system
and vehicle being tested;
C.9.8.2. Performance
requirements:
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in C.9.8.1:
a) The system shall comply
with the failure warning requirements of paragraph 5.1.13 of this
Standard; and
b) The minimum requirements
for stopping distance or MFDD shall be as specified in column 2 or 3,
respectively, under the heading "Single brake system, rear wheel braking
only" in Table C.3.3. of this Appendix.
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C.10.1. General
information:
a) The test is only applicable
to vehicles that are equipped with split service brake systems;
b) The test is to confirm the
performance of the remaining subsystem in the event of a hydraulic system
leakage failure.
C.10.2. Vehicle conditions:
a) The test is applicable to
vehicle categories L3, L4, L5 and L7;
b) Lightly loaded;
c) Engine disconnected.
C.10.3. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
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c) Brake actuation force: Hand
control: ≤ 250 N; Foot control:≤ 400 N;
d) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a maximum of 6 stops for each
test speed;
e) Alter the service brake
system to induce a complete loss of braking in any one subsystem. Then, for
each stop, accelerate the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake
control under the conditions specified in this paragraph;
f) Repeat the test for each
subsystem.
C.10.4. Performance
requirements:
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in C.10.3:
a) The system shall comply
with the failure warning requirements of paragraph 5.1.11 of this
Standard; and
b) The stopping distance (S)
shall be ≤ 0,1 V + 0,0117 V2 (where V is the specified test speed
(km/h) and S is the required stopping distance (m) or the MFDD shall
be ≥ 3,3 m/s2.
C.11. Power-assisted braking
system failure test
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a) The test is not conducted
when the vehicle is equipped with another separate service brake system;
b) The test is to confirm the
performance of the service brake system in the event of failure of the power
assistance.
C.11.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
Perform the test set out in
C.3 of this Appendix, (Dry stop test – single brake control actuated) for each
service brake system with the power assistance disabled.
C.11.3. Performance
requirements
When the brakes are tested in
accordance with the test procedure set out in C.11.2, the stopping distance
shall be as specified in Column 2 or the MFDD shall be as specified in Column 3
of the following table:
Column
1
Column
2
Column
3
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STOPPING
DISTANCE(S)
(Where
V is the specified test speed (km/h) and S is the required stopping distance
(m)
MFDD
Single brake system
L1
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0143 V2
≥ 2,7
m/s2
L2
and L6
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0143 V2
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L3
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0133V2
≥ 2,9
m/s2
L4
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0105 V2
≥ 3,6
m/s2
Vehicles with CBS or SSBS
ALL
S ≤
0,1 v + 0,0154 V2
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Note that if the power
assistance may be activated by more than one control, the above performance
shall be achieved when each control is actuated separately.
C.12. CBS failure test
C.12.1. General
information:
a) This test will only apply
to vehicles fitted with CBS of which the separate service brake systems share a
common hydraulic or common mechanical transmission;
b) The test is to confirm the
performance of the service brake systems in the event of a transmission
failure. This can be demonstrated by a common hydraulic hose or mechanical cable
failure.
C.12.2. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Alter the brake system to
produce a failure causing a complete loss of braking in the portion of the
system which is shared;
Perform the dry stop test
specified in C.3. in the laden condition. Other conditions to be observed are C.3.1(c)
and C.3.2(a), (b), (d), (e) and (f). Instead of the provisions in
C.3.2.(c),
only apply the control for the brake not affected by the simulated failure.
C.12.3. Performance
requirements
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Column
2
Column
3
Vehicle
Category
STOPPING
DISTANCE(S)
(Where
V is the specified test speed (km/h) and S is the required stopping distance
(m)
MFDD
Front
wheel(s) braking only
L1
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≥ 3,4
m/s2
L2
and L6
S ≤
0,1 v + 0,0143 V2
≥ 2,7
m/s2
L3
S ≤
0,1 v + 0,0087 V2
≥ 4,4
m/s2
L4
S ≤
0,1 v + 0,0105 V2
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L5
and L7
S ≤
0,1 v + 0,0117 V2
≥ 3,3
m/s2
Rear
wheel(s) braking only
L1
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0143 V2
≥ 2,7
m/s2
L2
and L6
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≥ 2,7
m/s2
L3
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0133 V2
≥ 2,9
m/s2
l4
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0105 V2
≥ 3,6
m/s2
L5
and L7
S ≤
0,1 V + 0,0117 V2
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Appendix C-C2
(regulations)
Alternative method for the determination of peak braking
coefficient (PBC)
C.1.1. General
requirements:
a) The test is to establish a
PBC for the vehicle type when being braked on the test surfaces described in
Appendix C-C1, C.1.1.1 and C.1.1.2.
b) The test comprises a number
of stops with varying brake control forces. Both wheels shall be braked
simultaneously up to the point reached before wheel lock, in order to achieve
the maximum vehicle deceleration rate on the given test surface.
c) The maximum vehicle
deceleration rate is the highest value recorded during all the test stops.
d) The Peak Braking
Coefficient (PBC) is calculated from the test stop that generates the maximum
vehicle deceleration rate, as follows:
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Where:
t = time taken for the vehicle
speed to reduce from 40 km/h to 20 km/h in seconds.
NOTE: For vehicles unable to
achieve a test speed of 50 km/h, PBC shall be measured as follows
PBC = 0,566
/t
Where:
t = time taken, in seconds,
for the speed of the vehicle to reduce from 0,8 Vmax to
(0,8 Vmax - 20), where Vmax is measured in
(km/h).
e) The value of PBC shall be
rounded to two decimal places.
C.1.2. Vehicle
conditions:
a) The test is applicable to
all vehicle categories
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c) Lightly loaded.
d) Engine disconnected.
C.1.3. Test
conditions and procedures:
a) Initial brake temperature:
≥ 55 °C and ≤ 100 °C;
b) Test speed: 60 km/h or 0,9
Vmax, whichever is lower.
c) Brake application:
Simultaneous actuation of both
service brake system controls, if so equipped, or of the single service brake
system control in the case of a service brake system that operates on all
wheels. For vehicles equipped with a single service brake system control, it
may be necessary to modify the brake system if one of the wheels is not
approaching maximum deceleration.
d) Brake actuation force:
The control force that
achieves the maximum vehicle deceleration rate as defined in C1.1.1.(c).
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f) Number of stops: until the
vehicle meets its maximum deceleration rate.
g) For each stop, accelerate
the vehicle to the test speed and then actuate the brake control(s) under the
conditions specified in this paragraph.