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THE GOVERNMENT
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SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
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No. 65/2001/ND-CP
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Hanoi, September 28, 2001
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DECREES
PROMULGATING THE LEGITIMATE MEASUREMENT UNIT SYSTEM OF
THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
THE GOVERNMENT
Pursuant to the September 30, 1992 Law on
Organization of the Government;
Pursuant to the October 6, 1999 Ordinance on Measurement;
At the proposal of the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment,
DECREES:
Article 1.- To
promulgate the lawful system of measurement units of the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam, prescribed in Appendix I attached to this Decree, consisting of:
1. Units of the international system of units of
measurement (SI); decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units, and other
units which are used according to international practices.
2. Units consistently derived from the
international system of units of measurement and units on the conventional
scale used worldwide for quantities not yet prescribed in Clause 1 of this
Article.
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Article 3.- Where
organizations and individuals carry out import/export-related activities, apart
from the legitimate units of measurement, they may use other measurement units
according to international maritime, aviation and railway transport treaties or
agreements, which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has acceded to or signed.
Article 4.- To
facilitate the conversion of old measurement units into legitimate ones under the
provisions of this Decree, organizations and individuals are allowed to use for
a definite time 10 old measurement units till the end of December 31, 2005 and
five old measurement units till the end of December 31, 2010 as prescribed in
Appendix II to this Decree.
The ministries, branches and People’s Committees
of all levels, all organizations and competent individuals shall, within the
ambit of their respective functions, tasks and powers, have to make necessary
preparations and conditions for shifting to the use of all lawful measurement
units on the prescribed schedule.
Article 5.- This Decree
replaces Decree No. 186/CP of December 26, 1964 and takes effect 15 days after
its signing.
Article 6.- The
ministers, the heads of the ministerial-level agencies, the heads of the
agencies attached to the Government and the presidents of the People’s
Committees of the provinces and centrally-run cities shall have to implement
this Decree.
The Minister of Science, Technology and
Environment shall organize and guide the implementation of this Decree.
ON BEHALF OF
THE GOVERNMENT
PRIME MINISTER
Phan Van Khai
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APPENDIX 1
LEGITIMATE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF THE SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
(Issued together with the Government’s Decree No. 65/2001/ND-CP of September
28, 2001)
A. Units:
I. UNITS OF SPACE, TIME AND
PERIODIC PHENOMENA
Ordinal
Quantity
Units
Description
number
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Name
Symbol
1
Length
meter
m
The meter is the length of path traveled by
light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second (17
th CGPM*, 1983).
The base unit.
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2
Plane angle
radian
rad
The radian is a plane angle between two radii
of a circle which cuts off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the
radius
1 rad = 1m/1m = 1
degree
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1o = (/180) rad
minute
’
1’ = (1/60)o = ( 800) rad/10
second
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1" (= (1/60)’ = /648 000) rad
3
Solid angle
steradian
Sr
The steradian is a solid angle, which, having
its vertex at the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere
equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the
sphere.
1 sr = 1m2m2 /1m2
= 1
4
Area
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m2
The square meter is the area of a square with
1- meter sides.
1m2 = 1m . 1m
hectare
ha
1 ha = 0.01 km2 = 104 m2
For land measurements.
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Volume,
capacity
cubic meter
m3
The cubic meter is the volume of a cube with
one-meter sides
1 m3 = 1m . 1m . 1m
Having decimal multiples and submultiples in
Section B.
liter
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The liter is the capacity equal to one cubic
decimeter
1 l = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
6
Time
second
s
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770
periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom the 13 th CGPM,
1967).
The base unit.
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minute
min
1 min = 60 s
hour
h
1h = 60 min = 3,600 s
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day
d
1d = 24 h = 86,400 s
7
Frequency
hertz
Hz
The hertz is the frequency of a periodic
phenomenon occurring one cycle per second.
1 Hz = 1s-1
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Angular
velocity
radian per
second
rad/s
Radian per second is the angular velocity of an
object rotating steadily around a fixed axis in an angle of 1 radian in 1
second.
1rad/s = 1s-1
9
Angular
acceleration
radian per
second squared
rad/s2
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1 rad/s2 = 1 s-2
10
Velocity
meter per
second
m/s
Meter per second is the velocity of an object
travelling 1 meter in one second.
1m/s = 1m.s-1
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km/h
Kilometer per hour is the velocity of an
object travelling 1,000 meters in an hour
1km/h = (1/3.6)m/s = 0.277 778 m/s
11
Acceleration
meter per
second squared
m/s2
Meter per second squared is the acceleration
of an object with a velocity steadily changing 1 meter per second in a second
1m/s2 = 1m.s-2
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12
Level of field
quantity
neper
Np
The neper is the level of a field quantity when
the ratio between this quantity and a compared quantity of the same kind is
equal to e
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bel
B
The bel is the level of a field quantity when the
ratio between this quantity and a compared quantity of the same kind is equal
to 101/2
1B = 2lg (F/Fo) = 2lg101/2 = 1
decibel
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1dB = [(ln10)/20] Np (precisely) = 0.115 129 3
Np
13
Level of power quantity
neper
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The neper is the level of a power quantity
when the ratio between this quantity and a compared quantity of the same kind
is equal to e2
1Np = (1/2) ln (P/Po) = (1/2) lne2
= 1
bel
B
The bel is the level of a power quantity when
the ratio between this quantity and a compared quantity of the same kind is
equal to 10
1B = lg(P/Po) = lg10 = 1
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decibel
dB
1dB = [(ln10)/20] Np (precisely) = 0.115 129 3
Np
II. Mechanical units
1
Weight
kilogram
kg
The kilogram is the unit of mass, equal to the
mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (third CGPM, 1901).
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The base unit.
ta (quintal)
ta
1 ta = 100 kg
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ton
t
1 t = 1,000 kg
Having decimal multiplies and submultiples in
Section B.
2
Weight by
length (length density)
kilogram per
meter
kg/m
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1kg/m = 1kg.m-1
3
Weight by
surface (surface density)
kilogram per
square meter
kg/m2
Kilogram per square meter is the weight by surface
of a homogeneous object of even thickness, which is 1 kilogram in weight and
1 square meter in area.
1kg/m2 = 1kg.m-2
4
Specific weight
(density)
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kg/m3
Kilogram per cubic meter is the specific weight
of a homogeneous object which is 1 kilogram in weight and 1 cubic meter in
volume.
1kg/m3 = 1kg.m-3
ton per cubic
meter
t/m3
Ton per cubic meter is the specific weight of a
homogeneous object, which is 1 ton in weight and 1 cubic meter in volume.
1t/m3 = 103 kg/m3
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kilogram per
liter
kg/l, kg/L
Kilogram per liter is the specific weight of a
homogeneous object, which is 1 kilogram in weight and 1 liter in volume.
1kg/l = 10-3kg/m3
5
Force
newton
N
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1N = 1kg.1m/s2 = 1m.kg.s-2
6
Moment of force
Newton meter
N.m
Newton meter is the moment of a force of 1
newton to a point with a radius vector of 1 meter between that point and
another point in the direction of the force.
1 N.m = 1m2.kg.s-2
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Pressure,
stress
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Pa
The pascal is the pressure generated by a
force of 1 newton applied perpendicularly over an area of 1 square meter
1Pa = 1N/1m2 = 1m-1.kg.s-2
bar
bar
1 bar = 100 kPa (precisely) = 0.1 MPa = 105
Pa
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Pascal second
Pa.s
Pascal second is the dynamic viscosity of a
homogeneous, isotropic liquid flowing in layers, when between two plane
layers in parallel with the flow and 1 meter apart there is a velocity
difference of 1 meter per second, and on the surface of these layers there
appears a tangent stress of 1 pascal.
1Pa.s = 1Pa.1m/(1m/s) = 1m-1.kg.s-1
9
Kinetic
viscosity
Square meter
per second
m2/s
Square meter per second is the kinetic viscosity
of a liquid having a dynamic viscosity of 1 pascal second and a specific
weight of 1 kilogram per cubic meter.
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Work, energy
joule
J
The joule is the amount of work done when the
point of application of 1 newton is displaced for a distance of 1 meter in
the direction of the force.
1J = 1N.1m = 1m2.kg.s-2
11
Power
watt
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The watt is the power which gives rise to the
production of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second.
1W = 1J/1s = 1m2.kg.s-1
12
Volume velocity
cubic meter per
second
m3/s
Cubic meter per second is the volume velocity
for a substance of 1 cubic meter in volume to cross a given cross-section in
a second.
1m3/s = 1m3.s-1
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Kilogram per
second
kg/s
Kilogram per second is weight velocity of a
homogeneous flow for a substance of 1 kilogram in weight to cross a given
section in 1 second.
1kg/s = 1kg.s-1
III. Thermal units
1
Thermo- dynamic
temperature
kelvin
K
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The base unit.
2
Celsius
temperature
degree Celsius
oC
Degree Celsius is the specific name of kelvin
to denote the values of Celsius temperature
t = T - To; in which t is Celsius temperature,
T is the thermodynamic temperature and To is determined as equal to 273.15 K.
3
Energy
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J
1J = 1N.1m = 1m2.kg.s-2
4
Specific energy
joule per
kilogram
J/kg
Joule per kilogram is the specific energy of a
system of one kilogram in weight that obtains or emits an energy of 1 joule when
being dissolved or completing a chemical reaction.
1J/kg = 1m2. s-2
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joule per
kelvin
J/K
Joule per kelvin is the heat capacity of a
system which needs an energy of 1 joule to increase its temperature one more
kelvin.
1J/K = 1m2kg. S-2. .K-1
6
Specific heat
capacity
joule per
kilogram kelvin
J/(kg.K)
Joule per kilogram kelvin is the specific heat
capacity of a homogeneous object of 1 kilogram in a constant pressure or volume,
which, when an energy of 1 joule is added, will increase the temperature by 1
kelvin.
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Thermal flux
watt
W
The watt is the thermal flux to carry an
energy of 1 joule in a second.
1W = 1J/1s = 1m2.kg.s-3
8
Surface thermal
flux (heat flux density)
watt per square
meter
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Watt per square meter is the surface thermal
flux when a thermal flux of 1 watt running through each square meter of the
surface.
1W/m2 = 1kg.s-3
9
Thermal conductivity
co-efficient
watt per square
meter kelvin
W (m2.K)
Watt per square meter kelvin is the thermal
conductivity co- efficient between two environments with a temperature
difference of 1 kelvin and the surface thermal flux of the contact surface is
1 watt per square meter.
1W/(m2.K) = 1 kg.s-3.K-1
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watt per meter
kelvin
W/(m.K)
Watt per meter kelvin is the thermal conductivity
of a homogeneous object containing a temperature difference of 1 kelvin
between two parallel surfaces of 1 square meter placed 1 meter apart, which
produces a thermal flux of 1 watt between these two surfaces.
1W/(m.K) = 1m.kg. s-3.K-1
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Thermal
diffusivity
square meter
per second
m2/s
Square meter per second is the thermal
diffusivity of an environment where the isothermal surfaces at any point of
time are parallel ones and in every second the temperature at such point of time
fluctuates 1 kelvin when the temperature gradient changes 1 kelvin per meter
on each meter of length in the direction perpendicular to the isothermal
surfaces.
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IV. Electric and magnetic
units
1
Electric current
(electric current intensity)
ampere
A
The ampere is that constant current, which, if
maintained in two straight parallel conducting wires of infinite length, of
negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2. 10-7 newton
per meter of length (9th CGPM, 1948).
The base unit.
2
Electric
quantity
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C
The coulomb is the quantity of electricity
transported in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.
1C = 1s.A
3
Voltage,
electric potential difference, electromotive force
volt
V
The volt is the difference of electric
potential between two points of a conducting wire when a constant current of 1
ampere between those points dissipates a power of one watt.
1 V = 1 W/1A = 1m2.kg.s-3.A-1
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Electric field
strength
volt per meter
V/m
Volt per meter is the strength of an electric field
generating a force of 1 newton on an object having an electric quantity of 1
coulomb.
1V/m = 1m.kg.s-3.A-1
5
Electric
resistance
ohm
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1= 1V/1A = 1m 2.kg.s-3.A-2
6
Electric
conductance
siemens
S
The siemens is the electric conductance of a
conductor having the electric resistance of 1 ohm.
1S = 1A/1V = 1m-2.kg-1.s3.A2
7
Electric flux
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C
The coulomb is the electric flux passing through
a closed surface surrounding an electric quantity of 1 coulomb.
1C = 1s.A
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Density,
electric flux
coulomb per
square meter
C/m2
Coulomb per square meter is the electric flux density
in a flat capacitor having two plates of infinite width, put in parallel in
vacuum and each square meter of such plate is charged with an electric
quantity of 1 coulomb.
1C/m2 = 1m-2.s.A
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Work, energy
joule
J
1J = 1N.1m = 1m2.kg.s-2
watt hour
W.h
1W.h = 3.6 x 103J = 3.6 kJ
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electron-von
eV
The electronvon is the work done when an electric
quantity equal to that of an electron passing in an electromagnetic field a
distance between the two ends of which there is an electric potential
difference of one volt.
1eV = 1.602 177 x 10-19 J = 160.217
7 zJ
Having decimal multiplies and submultiples in
Section B
10
Magnetic field
strength
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A/m
Ampere per meter is the magnetic field
strength generated in vacuum by an electric current of 1 ampere passing through
a straight conductor, of infinite length, of negligible circular
cross-section, at points of a circle sharing the same axis with such
conductor and having a circumference of 1 meter
1A/m = 1m-1.A
11
Electric
capacitance
farad
F
The farad is the electric capacitance of a
capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential
of 1 volt when it is charged by an electric quantity of 1 coulomb.
1F = 1C/1V = 1m-2.kg-1.s4.A2
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Electro-
magnetic inductance
henry
H
The henry is the electromagnetic inductance of
a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is produced when
the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of 1 ampere
per second,
1H = 1V.1s/1A = 1m2.kg.s-2.A-2
13
Magnetic flux
weber
Wb
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1Wb = 1V.1s = 1m2.kg.s-2.A-1
14
Magnetic flux
density,
tesla
T
The tesla is the magnetic flux density in a
surface of one square meter caused by a uniform magnetic flux of 1 weber
perpendicular to that surface.
1T = 1Wb/1m2 = 1kg.s-2.A-1
15
Magnetomo- tive
force
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A
The ampere is the magnetomotive force in a
closed line linking to a conductor in which a current of 1 ampere is flowing
through.
1A = 1A
16
Effective power
(power)
watt
W
1W = 1m2. kg.s-3
17
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volt ampere
V.A
Volt ampere is the apparent power in a circuit
section placed below an effective potential difference of 1 volt, in which a
current of an effective intensity of 1 ampere is passing through.
1V.A = 1m2. kg.s-3
18
Resistance
capacity
var
var
The var is the resistance capacity in a pure
inductance (or pure electric capacitance) circuit section placed below an
effective potential difference of 1 volt, in which a current of an effective
intensity of 1 ampere is passing through.
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V. Units of light and
related electro-magnetic radiation
1
Radiant energy
joule
J
1J = 1N.1m = 1m2.kg.s-2
2
Radiant
capacity (radiant flux)
watt
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1W = 1J/1s = 1m2.kg.s-3
3
Radiant
intensity
watt per
steradian
W/sr
Watt per steradian is the radiant intensity of
a uniform point source emitting a radiant flux of 1 watt in a solid angle of
1 steradian.
1W/sr = 1m2.kg.s-3
4
Radiance
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W/(sr.m2)
Watt per square meter steradian is the
radiance in a given direction at a point above a surface a unit area of which
has a radiant intensity of 1 watt per steradian and the area of the
projection of such unit area on the surface perpendicular to such direction
is 1 square meter.
1W/(sr.m2) = 1kg.s-3
5
Radiant
capacity
watt per square
meter
W/m2
Watt per square meter is the radiant capacity
at a point above the surface, which radiates a radiant flux of 1 watt on 1 unit
area of 1 square meter of such surface.
1W/m2 = 1 kg.s-3
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Illumination
watt per square
meter
W/m2
Watt per square meter is the illumination at a
point above the surface, which radiates a radiant flux of 1 watt on 1 unit area
of 1 square meter of such surface.
1W/m2 = 1 kg.s-3
7
Luminous
intensity
candela
cd
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The base unit.
8
Luminance
candela per
square meter
cd/m2
Candela per square meter is the luminance of a
flat source of one square meter with a luminous intensity of one candela
measured in a direction perpendicular to the source.
1cd/m2 = 1m-2.cd
9
Luminous
flux
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lm
The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a solid
angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point source having an intensity of 1
candela.
1lm = 1cd.1sr = 1cd
10
Light amount
lumen second
lm.s
Lumen second is the amount of light of a
luminous flux of one lumen calculated in one second.
1lm.s = 1cd.s
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lumen hour
lm.h
1lm.h = 3,600 lm.s
11
Luminous
capacity
lumen per
square meter
lm/m2
Lumen per square meter is the luminous
capacity of a spherical source having a surface of 1 square meter in area, emitting
a luminous flux of 1 lumen distributed evenly in all directions.
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12
Illuminance
lux
lx
The lux is the illuminance of a surface
receiving a luminous flux of one lumen evenly distributed on an area of one square
meter of that surface.
1lx = 1lm/1m2 = 1m-2.cd
13
Illuminating
amount
lux second
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Lux second is the illuminating amount
corresponding to the illuminance of 1 lux in 1 second.
1lx.s = 1m-2.s.cd
lux hour
lx.h
1lx.h = 3,600 lx.s
14
Focus (optical
force)
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m-1
The reciprocal meter is the focus of an
optical system having a focal length of 1 meter in a refractive environment
equal to 1.
1m-1 = 1m-1
diopter
dp
The diopter is another name of the reciprocal
meter
1 dp = 1m-1
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1
Frequency
hertz
Hz
1Hz = 1s-1
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2
Frequency range
octa
octa
Octa is the range between two frequencies when
the ratio between the higher frequency and the lower frequency is 2.
1 octa = lg2 (f2/f1) =
lg22 = 1
3
Acoustic
pressure
pascal
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1Pa = 1N/1m2 = 1m-1.kg.s-2
4
Acoustic
velocity
meter per
m/s
1m/s = 1m.s-1
second
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5
Volume velocity
cubic meter per
second
m3/s
Cubic meter per second is the periodic volume
velocity in a homogeneous acoustic field at a cross-section of 1m2
of an acoustic conductor, on which the particle velocity is 1 meter per second.
1m3/s = 1m3.s-1
6
Acoustic energy
density
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J/m3
Joule per cubic meter is the acoustic energy
density in an acoustic field having an energy of 1 joule evenly distributed
in a volume of 1 m3.
1J/m3 = 1N.1m/m3 = 1m-1.kg.s-2
7
Acoustic power
watt
W
1W = 1J/1s = 1m2.kg.s-3
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watt per square
meter
W/m2
Watt per square meter is the acoustic
intensity in a plane sound wave when it transmits an acoustic energy of 1 joule
across a surface of 1 square meter in a second.
1W/m2 = 1kg.s-3
9
Acoustic
impedance (acoustic resistance)
pascal second
per cubic meter
Pa.s/m3
Pascal second per cubic meter is the acoustic impedance
of an acoustic transmission tube, in which the negative sine pressure of 1
pascal at any cross-section causes a volume velocity having a value of 1
cubic meter per second at such cross-section point.
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10
Mechanical
impedance (mechanical resistance)
newton second
per meter
N.s/m
Newton second per meter is the mechanical
impedance of a mechanical system when a periodic force of one newton, at the place
of the force, causes a fluctuating velocity of 1 meter per second.
1N.s/m = 1 kg.s-1
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11
Level of
acoustic pressure
bel
B
The bel is the level of acoustic pressure of a
sound when the double decimal logarithm of the ratio between the pressure of
such sound and a compared pressure of 2.10-5 Pa is 1.
decibel
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The decibel is the level of acoustic pressure of
a sound when 20 times of the decimal logarithm of the ratio between the
pressure of such sound and a compared pressure of 2.10-5 Pa is 1.
12
Level of
loudness
phon
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The phon is the lovel of loudness of monochromatic
sounds of 1 kilohertz in frequency and 1 decibel in acoustic pressure.
VII. Chemo-physical and
physio-atomic units
1
Atomic mass
kilogram
kg
See explanations at Section 1, Part I.
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u
The unified atomic mass unit is a mass equal
to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12C.
1u = (1.660 540 2 001 0) x 100.000-27
kg*
* CODATA Bulletin 63 (1986)
2
Molecular mass
kilogram
kg
See explanation in Section 1 above
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unified atomic
mass unit
u
The mass of a molecule is the total mass of
atoms in such molecule.
3
Amount of
substance
mole
mol
The mole is the amount of substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be
specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or
specified groups of such particles (14th CGPM, 1971).
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4
Molar
concentration
mole per cubic
meter
mol/m3
Molar concentration is the number of moles of
a dissolvable substance divided by the volume of the solution.
mole per liter
mol/l, mol/L
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5
Molar energy
joule per mole
J/mol
In the solution of two substances A and B, the
molar energy of substance A is:
= (G/nA)T,p,nB
and the molar energy of substance B is:
= (G/nB) T,p,nA
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In which and are
the molar energies of substance A and substance B respectively; n
and n are their respective quantities and G is function Gibbs.
1
Radioactivity
(of radionuclide)
becquerel
Bq
The becquerel is the radioactivity of a source
of radiation in which the quotient of the expected value of the number of
spontaneous nuclear displacements or isomeric displacements and the duration
of time during which these displacements occur advances to the limit of 1/s.
1Bq = 1s-1
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Absorbed dose
Gray
Gy
The gray is the dose absorbed in a material
quantity of 1 kilogram which receives an energy of 1 joule from ionizing
radiations under constant energy flux conditions.
1Gy = 1J/kg = 1m2.s-2
3
Dose equivalent
sievert
Sv
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1Sv = 1J/kg = 1m2.s-2
4
Kerma
gray
Gy
The gray is a kerma in a material quality of 1
kilogram which receives a total initial kinetic energy of 1 joule freed by
charged ionized particles under constant energy flux conditions.
1Gy = 1J/kg = 1m2.s-2
5
Exposure
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C/kg
Coulomb per kilogram is the exposure of the photonic
ionizing radiation generated in 1 kilogram of air of ions of the same sign
having a total charge of 1 coulomb when all electrons (positive and
negative), freed by photons in the air, stop completely there and all of
their energy flux remains in the air.
1C/kg = 1kg-1.s.A
Notes:
1. In the above table, the SI units are placed under
unbroken line (---), other units under broken line (---).
2. The way of writing the names and symbols of
units shall comply with the following principles:
a/ The name of a unit is written in lower-case letters,
though it derives from a proper name. For example: meter, second, ampere,
kelvin, pascal…
b/ Generally, the symbol of a unit is written in
lower-case letters, except for cases where the unit name derives from a proper
name, the first letter in the symbol is capitalized. For example: m, s, A, K,
Pa…
c/ When a unit is formed by multiplying two or
more units, the raised dot (in language systems having limited characters, a
normal dot can be used) or a one-character space will be used to indicate this multiplication.
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d/ When a unit is formed by one unit divided by
another unit, a dash (—), a slash (/) or
a negative power will be used to indicate this division. For example: The
symbol of meter per second is
m
—, or m/s or m.s-1 or ms-1
s
Particularly for cases where the slash is
followed by a multiplying or dividing mark, such marks
must be put in blankets. For example: The symbol of joule per kilogram kelvin
is J(kg.K), or
J
—— or J.kg-1.K-1.
kg.K
B. Decimal multiples and
submultiples of SI units:
The names (or symbols) of the decimal multiples
and submultiples of the SI units are formed by joining before the name (or
symbol) or a SI unit one name (or symbol) in the table below:
Name
Symbol
Factor
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yotta
Y
1 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000 = 1024
zetta
Z
1 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 = 1021
exa
E
1 000 000 000 000
000 000 = 1018
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P
1 000 000 000 000
000 = 1015
tera
T
1 000 000 000 000
= 1012
giga
G
1 000 000 000 =
109
mega
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1 000 000 = 106
kilo
k
1 000 = 103
hector
h
100 = 102
deca
da
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submultiples
deci
d
0.1 = 10-1
centi
c
0.01 = 10-2
mili
m
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micro
0.000 001 = 10-6
nano
n
0.000 000 001 =
10-9
pico
p
0.000 000 000 001
= 10-12
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f
0.000 000 000 000
001 = 10-15
atto
a
0.000 000 000 000
000 001 =10-18
zepto
z
0.000 000 000 000
000 000 001= 10-21
yocto
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0.000 000 000 000
000 000 000 001 =10-24
Notes:
1. The name (or symbol) of a decimal multiple or
submultiple comes right before the name (or symbol) of a unit (without a
space). For example: milimeter (mm), kilometer (km).
Particularly for the name (or symbol) of a
multiple or submultiple of a mass unit, it will be formed by placing before the
name (or symbol) of the "gram" unit (or its symbol g) a name (or
symbol) in the above table (1 g= 0.001 kg = 10-3 kg).
2. Not to join two names (or symbols) of the nanometer
(nm)multiples or submultiples in the above table. For example: m). will be
used for 10-9 , but not milimicrometer (m
APPENDIX II
UNITS PERMITTED FOR USE FOR A DEFINITE TIME
(issued together with the Government’s Decree No. 65/2001/ND-CP of September
28, 2001)
Ordinal
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Unit
Description
Used still
number
Name
Symbol
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weight
li
li
1 li = 0.037 5 g
31.12.2010
2
weight
carat
ct
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31.12.2010
3
weight
luong
lg
1 lg = 37.5 g
31.12.2010
4
weight
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dc
1 dc = 3.75 g
31.12.2010
5
weight
phan
phan
1 phan = 0.375 g
31.12.2010
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plane angle
(angel)
circle
r
1 r = 2rad
31.12.2005
7
force
kilogram
force(kilopond)
kgl (kG; kgf,
kp)
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31.12.2005
8
pressure
technical
atmosphere
at
1 at = 98.066.5 kPa
= 0.980 665 x 105 Pa
31.12.2005
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torr
Torr (mmHg)
1 Torr = 133.322 Pa
31.12.2005
10
pressure
meter of water
column
mH2O
1 mH2O = 9.806 65 kPa
= 9.806 65 x 103 Pa
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11
work, energy
kilogram force
meter (kilopond meter)
kgl.m (kG.m;
kgf.m.; kp.m)
1 kgl.m = 9.806 65 J
31.12.2005
12
calorie
calorie
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1 cal = 4.186 8 J
31.12.2005
13
radioactivity
curie
Ci
1 Ci = 37 GBq = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
31.12.2005
14
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rad
rad
1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 10-2 Gy
31.12.2005
15
exposure
roentgen
R
1 R = 0.258 mC/kg
= 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg
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