THE
GOVERNMENT
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SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
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No.
141/2003/ND-CP
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Hanoi,
November 20, 2003
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DECREE
ON THE ISSUANCE OF THE GOVERNMENT'S BONDS, BONDS GUARANTEED
BY THE GOVERNMENT AND BONDS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
THE GOVERNMENT
Pursuant to the Law on
Government's Organization dated 25 December, 2001;
Pursuant to the Law on the State Budget dated 16 December, 2002;
Upon the proposal of the Minister of Finance;
DECREES:
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISION
Article 1.
Governing scope
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2. This Decree shall not govern:
a. The Bonds issued by the
Credit Institutions in accordance with provisions of the Law on Credit
Institutions;
b. The Bonds issued by
enterprises under the method of self-borrowing, self-payment in accordance with
the Law on the State owned enterprises and the Law on Enterprises;
Article 2.
Interpretation
1. Government's Bond shall be a
kind of debt securities, which are issued by the Government with term face
value, interest and confirmation by the Government of its repayment obligation
to Bonds' owners.
2. Bond guaranteed by the
Government shall be a kind of debt securities, which are issued by enterprises
to mobilize capital for projects designated by the Prime Minister, for which
investors are guaranteed by the Government of the timely payment of issuing
organizations. In case where issuing organizations fail to perform their
repayment obligation (principals, interests) at the maturity date, the
Government shall be responsible for the performance of the debt repayment in
lieu of issuing organizations.
3. The Bond of local Government
shall be a kind of debt securities, which are issued by the provincial people's
committee with term, face value and confirmation by local Governments of their
debt repayment obligation to Bonds' owners.
4. Issuing organization shall be
a legal entity, which borrows funds by issuing Bonds in accordance with
provisions of this Decree.
5. Bond issue shall mean the
sale of Bonds to buying subjects.
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7. Underwriting shall mean a
process whereby an underwriting organization assists the issuing organizations
in completing procedures prior to the issue of Bonds to the securities market,
distribute Bonds to investors, undertake to buy Bonds for resale or to buy the
remaining bonds that are not yet distributed.
8. Bonds auction shall be the
selection of organizations, which or individuals participating in the auction,
who fully satisfy requirements of the issuing organization.
9. Issuing agents shall mean the
entrustment made by the issuing organization to another organization to perform
the sale of Bonds to investors.
10. Bonds custody shall mean the
deposit made by Bond's owners of their Bonds at an organization, which is
permitted to preserve, maintain Bonds so that such organization performs rights
relating to the Bonds for their owners.
11. Agent for Bonds payment
shall mean the authorization made by an issuing organization to another
organization to perform the payment of Bond principals and interests at the due
date.
12. Mortgage shall mean the
delivery of Bonds by their owners to an organization or individual to hold for
the security of the performance of their civil obligations.
Article 3.
Bond issuer
1. The issuer of Government's
Bonds shall be the Government;
2. The issuer of Bonds
guaranteed by the Government shall be enterprises;
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Article 4.
Classification of Bonds
1. Government Bonds shall
include:
a. Treasury Bills;
b. Treasury Bonds;
c. Bonds for central
Government's projects;
d. Investment Bonds;
dd. Foreign currency Bonds;
e. Government's Bonds for the
construction of Motherland.
2. Bonds guaranteed by the
Government.
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Article 5.
Issue and payment currency
1. Bonds shall be issued and
paid in Vietnam Dong or freely convertible foreign currencies;
2. The issuance of foreign
currency Bonds shall only be applicable to cases, which are provided for in
Section V, Chapter II of this Decree.
3. Currency used for the payment
of Bonds shall be the currency, which is used for issuance.
Article 6.
Forms of issuance
Bonds shall be issued in form of
non-bearer or bearer certificates or book-entry.
Article 7.
Face value of bonds
1. The face value of Bonds,
which are issued and paid in Vietnam Dong, shall be 100,000 Dong at the
minimum. The Minister of Finance shall provide for specific face value.
2. The face value of Bonds,
which are issued and paid in foreign currencies, shall be stipulated
specifically for each issue.
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Bonds buying subjects shall be
Vietnamese organizations, individuals or Vietnamese, who permanently reside in
foreign countries, foreign organizations, which and individuals, who are
lawfully working and living in Vietnam. Organizations of Vietnam shall not be
permitted to use sources of expenditure granted by the State Budget to buy
Government's Bonds.
Article 9.
Fees for the issue, payment of Bonds
Organizations that underwrite
the bonds issue, provide auction services, act as agents, undertake the
entrustment in organizing the issue and payment of Bonds shall be entitled to
fees in accordance with provisions of the Finance Ministry.
Article 10.
Underwriting organizations, issuing agents
Organizations that underwrite or
act as agents for cases of bonds issue under the method of underwriting or
issuing agents shall be Securities Companies, Investment Funds, Finance
Companies, Banks, which are legally operating in Vietnam.
Article 11.
Listing and transaction
1. Government's Bonds, local
Government's Bonds shall be bought, sold in the monetary market or discounted,
mortgaged at the State Bank in accordance with provisions of applicable laws.
2. Government's Bonds, Bonds
guaranteed by the Government and local Government's Bonds shall be listed and
transacted in the securities market in accordance with provisions of applicable
laws.
Article 12.
Bonds custody and deposit
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Article 13.
Redemption of Bonds by issuing organizations
Issuing organizations shall have
the right to redeem Bonds, which have been issued prior to their maturity.
Article 14.
Interests of Bond's owners
1. To be guaranteed by the
issuing subjects of the full and timely payment of Bond principals and
interests upon their maturity.
2. To be entitled to use their
Bonds for sale, presentation, donation, inheritance or mortgage, discount
3. To be exempted from income
tax for incomes from Bonds in accordance with provisions of applicable laws.
Article 15.
Limits for repayment and circulation of Bonds
Bonds shall not be used for
replacement of money in circulation or performance of financial obligations
toward the State Budget.
Article 16.
Lost or damaged Bonds
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Bearer Bonds, which are lost,
torn to pieces, damaged, shall be repaid by the issuing organizations upon
their maturity if persons who lost the Bonds can prove their ownership over
their bonds, and these bonds have not yet been taken advantage of for
repayment.
Article 17.
Counterfeiting or taking advantage of Bonds
All acts of misusing or
counterfeiting Bonds shall be dealt with in accordance with applicable laws
Chapter II
GOVERNMENT BONDS
Section I.-
TREASURY BILLS
Article 18.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Treasury Bills are a kind of
Government Bonds with a term of less than 1 year, which are issued by the State
Treasury to develop the monetary market and mobilize funds to cover the temporary
deficit of the State Budget within the fiscal year.
Article 19.
Mode of issuance
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2. Volume and interest rates of
Treasury Bills shall be determined through the auction result.
3. The Ministry of Finance can
entrust the State Bank, the State commercial banks to perform the issuance and
repayment of Treasury bills.
Article 20.
Subjects entitled to participate in the auction of the Treasury Bills
1. Credit Institutions that are
operating in accordance with the Law on Credit Institutions
2. Insurance companies,
Insurance funds, investment funds that are legally operating in Vietnam;
branches of foreign investment funds in Vietnam.
3. In case where subjects
provided for in paragraph 1, 2 of this Article do not yet buy up the volume of
a Treasury Bills issue, the State Bank shall be entitled to buy the remaining
part.
Article 21.
Use and repayment of Treasury Bills
1. All funds from the Treasury
Bills issue shall be concentrated into the Central Budget for use in accordance
with provisions of the Law on the State Budget.
2. The Central Budget shall
secure the sources of funds to repay principals, interests of Treasury Bills
upon their maturity and the payment of expenses relating to the organization of
the issuance, repayment to organizations, which are entrusted with the
issuance.
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Article 22.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Treasury Bonds are a kind of
Government's Bonds with term of 1 year and up, which are issued by the State
Treasury to mobilize funds to cover the State Budget's deficit under annual
State Budget Plan decided upon by the National Assembly.
Article 23.
Mode of issuance
1. Placement through the system
of the State Treasuries;
2. Auction through the stock
exchange;
3. Underwriting;
4. Issuing agents
Article 24.
Treasury bonds buying subjects
1. Subjects stipulated in
paragraph 1, 2 Article 20 of this Decree.
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3. Foreign organizations that
are legally operating in Vietnam
4. Vietnamese citizens,
Vietnamese permanently residing in foreign countries and individuals being
foreigners who are working and living lawfully in Vietnam
Subjects that buy Bonds under
the mode of auction through the stock exchange must fully satisfy conditions in
accordance with provisions on securities and securities market.
Article 25.
Interest rate of Treasury Bonds
Interest rates of Treasury Bonds
shall be decided upon by the Minister of Finance on the basis of the actual
conditions in the financial market at the time of issuance. In case of interest
rate auction, the interest rate shall be determined in accordance with the
auction result.
Article 26.
Use and repayment of Treasury Bonds
1. All funds from the Treasury
Bonds issue shall be concentrated into the Central Budget for use in accordance
with provisions of the Law on the State Budget.
2. The Central Budget shall
secure the sources of funds to repay principals, interests and the payment of
expenses relating to the organization of the issuance, repayment of Treasury
Bonds
Article 27.
Organization of the repayment of Treasury Bonds when due
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2. Finance, Credit Institutions
shall be entrusted by the Ministry of Finance for the repayment of Bond
principals, interests to their owners when due in respect of Treasury Bonds,
which are issued under the mode of auction, issuing agent or underwriting.
Section III.-
BONDS FOR THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT'S PROJECTS
Article 28.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Bonds for the central Government's
projects are a kind of Government Bonds with a term of 1 year and up, which are
issued by the State Treasury to mobilize funds under the decision of the Prime
Minister for projects, which are invested by the Central Budget, included in
the plan but not yet provided with the budget capital in the year.
Article 29.
Conditions for issuance
1. Projects are included in the
list of annual key investment projects of the Government;
2. The Plan of Bonds issuance,
the plan for the use of borrowed capital and the plan for the repayment of the
borrowed funds when due shall be performed in accordance with the decision of
the Prime Minister on the basis of the program, which are designed under the
leadership of the Ministry of Finance.
Article 30.
Mode of issuance
Bonds for the Central
Government's projects shall be issued under the mode of placement through the
system of the State Treasuries, auction or underwriting.
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Subjects that buy bonds for the
central Government's projects shall be those as provided for the Treasury Bonds
in Article 24 of this Decree.
Article 32.
Interest rates of Bonds
Interest rates of Bonds for the
central Government's bonds shall be decided upon by the Minister of Finance on
the basis of actual conditions in the financial market at the time of issuance.
In case of interest rate auction, the interest rate shall be determined by the
auction result.
Article 33.
Use and repayment
1. All funds from the Bonds
issue for the central Government's projects shall be concentrated into the
Central Budget for investment in projects approved by the Prime Minister. The
Central Budget shall secure the repayment of principals, interests and expenses
in respect of the Bonds for the central Government's projects.
2. The organizations of
repayment of principals, interests of the Bonds for the central Government's
projects when due shall be performed as in the case of Treasury Bonds
stipulated in Article 27 of this Decree.
Section IV.-
INVESTMENT BONDS
Article 34.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Investment Bonds are a kind of
Government's Bonds with a term of 1 year and up, which are issued by the State
finance organizations, finance, credit institutions designated by the Prime
Minister to mobilize funds for investment under the Government's policy.
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1. Bonds are issued separately
for each economic objective;
2. The total value of the issue
shall not be in excess of the target approved by the Government or the Prime
Minister for each economic objective or each specific year.
3. The plan of issue is
appraised by the Ministry of Finance
4. The level, time of the issue,
the face value, term of Bonds shall be made by the agreement between issuing
organization and the Ministry of Finance.
5. The Minister of Finance shall
decide on the ceiling interest rate of the Bond issue.
Article 36.
Issuing mode, Bond buying subjects
Issuing mode, subjects that buy
investment Bonds shall be the same as for the Bonds for the central
Government's projects stipulated in Article 30 and Article 31 of this Decree.
Article 37.
Interest rate of Bonds
The Minister of Finance shall
decide on the ceiling interest rate of the investment Bonds from time to time
on the basis of actual conditions of the financial market and funds
requirements of issuing organizations. In case of interest rate auction, the
interest rate shall be determined by the auction result within the ceiling
limit decided upon by the Minister of Finance.
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Funds from the issuance of
investment Bonds shall be separately monitored and only used for economic
objectives, which have been approved by the Prime Minister.
Article 39.
Repayment of Bonds
1. Issuing organizations shall
be responsible for the repayment of principals, interests of investment Bonds
upon their maturity and other expenses concerning the organization of issuance
and repayment.
2. The State Budget shall be
used for the entire or partial repayment of Bond interests or for the
compensation for interest differences to issuing organizations in accordance
with the decision of the Prime Minister in respect of each specific economic
objective.
Section V.-
FOREIGN CURRENCY BONDS
Article 40.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Foreign currency Bonds are a
kind of Government's Bonds with a term of 1 year and up, which are issued by
the Ministry of Finance for objectives designated by the Prime Minister.
Article 41.
Issue currency
1. Currency of the issue shall
be freely convertible foreign currencies.
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Article 42.
Issuing modes and buying subjects
1. Placement through the system
of the State Treasuries:
a. Subjects that buy foreign
currency Bonds shall be those that buy Treasury Bonds as provided for in
Article 20 of this Decree.
b. The Minister of Finance shall
decide on the location to issue foreign currency Bonds under the mode of
placement through the system of the State treasuries.
2. Auction through the State
Bank:
a. Subjects participating in the
auction of foreign currency Bonds shall be Credit Institutions, which are
operating under the Law on Credit Institutions.
b. The State Bank shall act as
an agent of the Ministry of Finance in the issuance and repayment of foreign
currency.
Article 43.
Principles for issuance
1. Foreign currency Bonds shall
be issued under each issue. The Ministry of Finance shall set up a specific
scheme for each issue and submit it to the Prime Minister for decision.
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3. The Minister of Finance shall
decide on the time of the issue, currency, level of issue, interest rates, face
value, term of foreign currency Bonds.
Article 44.
Use and repayment of foreign currency Bonds
1. Foreign currencies from the
Bonds issue shall be used for objectives designated by the Prime Minister.
2. The State Budget shall repay
the due foreign currency Bonds (principal and interests).
In case where foreign currencies
from the Bonds issue are sold to the State Bank to increase the foreign
exchange reserve of the State, the State Bank shall be responsible for the
resale of foreign currencies to the Ministry of Finance to repay principals,
interests of due foreign currency Bonds.
3. The Ministry of Finance shall
provide in details for the level of expenses for the issuance and repayment of
foreign currency Bonds.
Section VI.-
GOVERNMENT'S BONDS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MOTHERLAND
Article 45.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Government's Bonds for the
construction of Motherland shall be issued by the Government to mobilize funds
from the people to invest in the construction of national important projects
and other necessary projects for the sake of the production, the improvement of
living conditions and for the creation of the material, technical foundations
for the country
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Government's bonds for the
construction of the Motherland shall be issued in accordance with provisions in
the Ordinance No. 12/1999/PL-UBTVQH10 dated 27 April, 1999 of National
Assembly's Steering Committee on the issuance of Government's Bonds for the
construction of the Motherland.
Chapter
III
BONDS GUARANTEED BY THE
GOVERNMENT
Article 47.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Bonds guaranteed by the Government
are a kind of Bonds with a term of 1 year and up, which are issued by
enterprises to mobilize funds for investment projects under the designation of
the Prime Minister.
Article 48.
Conditions for issuance
1. Issuing organizations are
enterprises, which are designated by the Prime Minister to act as investors of
the State projects.
2. Investment projects that have
completed procedures in accordance with provisions of applicable laws
3. The issuance of Bonds is
permitted by the Prime Minister to mobilize investment funds for projects
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5. The scheme on the issuance,
use and repayment of borrowed funds is approved in writing by the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 49.
Principles for issuance
1. Bonds shall be issued for
each specific project
2. Total value of Bonds to be
issued for a project shall not be in excess of the total value of the project.
The specific issuing level of each project shall be in compliance with the
decision of the Prime Minister.
3. No new issue shall be made
for the repayment of due Bonds.
4. Issuing plan, time of
issuance, and term of Bonds shall be agreed upon between the issuing subjects
and the Finance Ministry.
5. The Minister of Finance shall
decide on the ceiling interest rate applicable to each issue of Bonds.
Article 50.
Guarantee of the bonds payment
1. The Ministry of Finance
shall, on behalf of the Government, guarantee the payment or authorize the
State finance organizations, state credit institutions to guarantee the payment
of bonds;
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3. Enterprises that issue bonds
shall be liable to pay the organizations, which provide the guarantee a
guarantee fee equivalent to 0.05% of the guaranteed amount per annum, at the
maximum. The guarantee fee shall be included in the project value for those
projects, which are in the stage of investment and included in the operating
cost for those projects, which have been completed and put in operation.
4. Organizations that issue the
guarantee for the bonds payment shall be responsible for the funds arrangement
to make the payment of due Bonds in lieu of issuing enterprises when they fail
to perform their payment obligations.
Article 51.
Issuing modes
Bonds guaranteed by the
Government shall be issued under the mode of auction, underwriting or issuing
agents, listed in the securities market and deposited centrally at depository
organizations.
Article 52.
Bond buying subjects
Subjects participating in the
purchase of Bonds guaranteed by the Government shall be the same as those
provided for the treasury bonds stipulated in Article 24 of this Decree.
Article 53.
Interest rate of bonds
Minister of Finance shall decide
on the ceiling interest rate applicable to each issue of Bonds, which are
guaranteed by the Government on the basis of actual conditions in the financial
market at the time of issuance. Interest rate of Bonds issued in form of auction
shall be determined by the auction result.
Article 54.
Use of proceeds from the issuance of Bonds
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Article 55.
Payment of Bonds
1. Enterprises that issue Bonds
shall be responsible for the payment of principals, interests of Bonds at their
maturity by their lawful sources of funds.
2. In case where the guarantee
organization must make funds arrangement for the payment of due Bonds,
enterprises shall be responsible for the debt recognition and the repayment to
organizations, which have issued the guarantee, under the committed conditions.
3. Expenses relating to the
issuance of Bonds shall be included in the value of projects that are invested by
the funds from the bond issue.
Chapter
IV.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S BONDS
Article 56.
Issuing organization and use purposes
Local government's Bonds are a
kind of investment Bonds with a term of one year and up, which are issued by
the State treasuries or Financial, Credit Institutions in the locality under
the authorization of provincial people's committee to mobilize funds for
projects, works which are invested by the local budget, included in the plan
but not yet provided with the budget funds in the year.
Article 57.
Conditions for issuance
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2. The scheme for the issuance
of Bonds, plan for the use of borrowed funds and for the repayment of due debts
are designed by the provincial people's committee to submit to the People
Council for approval and accepted in writing by the Minister of Finance.
3. Availability of the decision
made by the Chairperson of provincial people's committee on the authorization
to the State Treasuries, Financial, Credit Institutions in the locality to take
responsibility for the issuance, payment of Bonds.
Article 58.
Limit of total issued Bonds
The maximum limit on the total
funds mobilized with the local Government's bonds shall be in compliance with
provisions in paragraph 3, Article 8 of the Law on the State Budgets. In
respect of Hanoi Capital and Hochiminh city, this limit shall be in conformity
with separate provisions of the Government.
Article 59.
Issuing modes
Local Government's Bonds shall
be issued under the mode of auction, underwriting or issuing agents.
Article 60.
Bonds buying subjects
Subjects participating in the
purchase of local Government's Bonds shall be the same as those provided for
treasury Bonds as stipulated in Article 24 of this Decree.
Article 61.
Bonds interest rates
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2. Chairperson of provincial
people's committee shall decide on specific interest rate applicable to each
kind of term and each issuing mode on the basis of range limit decided upon by
the Minister of Finance and the actual interest rate of Government's bonds of
the same term at the time of issuance.
In case of interest rate
auction, the interest rate shall be determined by the auction result within the
level of actual interest rates of Government's bonds of the same term at the
time of issuance plus the range limit decided upon by the Minister of Finance.
Article 62.
Use and payment
1. Funds borrowed from the local
Government's Bonds shall be added to the revenues of the provincial budget for
spending on already approved projects.
2. The provincial budget shall
be responsible for the payment of principals, interests and expenses relating
to the organization of issuance, payment of local Government's Bonds.
3. The organization of the
payment of principals, interests of local government's bonds when due shall be
performed as for treasury bonds stipulated in paragraph 2, Article 27 of this
Decree.
Article 63.
Suspension of issue
1. The issuance of bonds shall
be suspended in following cases:
a. The issuing scheme, plan for
the use of funds and scheme for payment of due bonds are infeasible;
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c. The limit of interest rate
range provided for by the Minister of Finance is not complied with.
d. The permitted issuance limit
under the provisions of the Law on the State Budget is exceeded.
2. The Ministry of Finance shall
supervise the entire process of local government's Bonds' issuance. In the event
of discovery of violation, the Ministry of Finance shall request the provincial
people's Committee to stop the issuance and report thereon to the Prime
Minister at the same time.
Chapter V
STATE MANAGEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS
Article 64.
Ministry of Finance
1. To provide guidance and
supervise the issuance, use, payment of Government's Bonds and Bonds guaranteed
by the Government.
2. To draw up schemes for the
issuance of Bonds for the central Government's projects and submit to the Prime
Minister for decision.
3. To organize the issuance of
treasury bonds, Bonds for the central Government's projects, foreign currency
Bonds and Government's Bonds for construction of the Motherland in accordance
with provisions stated in Chapter II of this Decree.
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5. To agree with issuing
organizations on the issuing scheme, implementation plan for investment bonds
of the Government and Bonds for projects guaranteed by the Government.
6. To decide on the interest
rate of treasury Bonds, Bonds for central Government's projects; to decide on
the ceiling interest rate of investment bonds, Bonds guaranteed by the
Government; to decide on the limit of interest rate range of local Government's
bonds.
Article 65.
The State Bank of Vietnam
1. To coordinate with the Ministry
of Finance to organize the auction of treasury bills, foreign currency Bonds of
Government through the State Bank
2. To participate in the
determination, with the Ministry of Finance, of interest rate of Government's
bonds and Bonds guaranteed by the Government.
3. To organize the redemption of
foreign currency sources received from the issuance of foreign currency Bonds
to increase foreign exchange reserve of the State and to sell foreign
currencies to the Ministry of Finance for the payment of principals, interests
of foreign currency bonds at their maturity.
4. To direct Credit Institutions
to issue investment bonds in accordance with the decision of the Prime
Minister.
Article 66.
The State securities committee
1. To coordinate with the
Ministry of Finance to organize the issuance of Government's bonds through the
form of auction at the securities market.
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Article 67.
People's Committees in provinces, cities under the central Government's
management that issue the local Government's Bonds.
1. To draw the scheme for the
issuance of Bonds, plan for the payment of borrowed funds and to submit to the
provincial people's Council and send to the Ministry of Finance for appraisal.
2. To organize the issuance of
the local Government's bonds under the scheme appraised by the Ministry of
Finance.
3. To verify, supervise the use
of funds and collection of funds borrowed by the issuance of the local Government's
Bonds.
4. To balance the provincial
budget in order to secure the sources for bonds payment at maturity.
Article 68.
Bond issuing organizations
1. To draw the plan of issue,
implementation plan in line with the demand for use of funds.
2. To organize the issuance of
bonds and payment of Bonds when due.
3. To make periodical report to
the Ministry of Finance on the result of issuance and payment of Bonds.
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Organizations, which individuals,
who violate provisions of this Decree, shall, depending on their act and the
seriousness of violation, be subject to administrative punishment, disciplinary
punishment and compensation for material damages under the provisions of
applicable laws. In case of serious violation, they shall be prosecuted for
criminal liability.
Chapter VI
IMPLEMENTING PROVISIONS
Article 70.
Effectiveness
This Decree shall be effective
after 15 days from its publication in the Official Gazette and replace the
Decree No. 01/2000/ND-CP dated 13 January, 2000 of the Government on the
issuance of the Regulation on the issuance of Government's Bonds.
Article 71.
Responsibility for guidance
The Minister of Finance shall be
responsible for the guidance on the implementation of this Decree.
Article 72.
Responsibility for the implementation
Ministers, Heads of
ministerial-level agencies, Heads of Governmental agencies, Chairpersons of
people's committees in provinces, cities under the central Government's
management shall be responsible for the implementation of this Decree.
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FOR
THE GOVERNMENT
PRIME MINISTER
Phan Van Khai