THE MINISTRY
OF FINANCE
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SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM
Independence - Freedom – Happiness
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No.
205/2013/TT-BTC
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Hanoi,
December 24, 2013
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CIRCULAR
GUIDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENTS ON DOUBLE
TAXATION AVOIDANCE AND PREVENTION OF TAX EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON
INCOME AND PROPERTY BETWEEN VIETNAM AND OTHER STATES OR TERRITORIES AND IN
FORCE IN VIETNAM
Pursuant to the current legal documents on enterprise
income tax, individual income tax;
Pursuant to Law on the conclusion, accession
to and implementation of treaties No. 41/2005/QH11 dated June 14, 2005;
Pursuant to agreements on double taxation
avoidance and prevention of tax evasion with respect to taxes on income and
property between Vietnam and other countries or territories and in force in
Vietnam;
Pursuant to Government’s Decree No.
118/2008/ND-CP defining the functions, tasks, powers and organizational
structure of the Ministry of Finance;
At the proposal of General Director of
Taxation;
The Minister of Finance promulgates Circular
guiding the implementation of the agreements on double taxation avoidance and
prevention of tax evasion with respect to taxes on income and property between
Vietnam and other states or territories (hereinafter collectively referred to
as the contracting states or states as the context requires ) and in force in
Vietnam (hereinafter abbreviated to the agreements).
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GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. SUBJECTS AND SCOPE
OF APPLICATION
Article 1. Subjects of
application
This Circular regulates the subjects that are
residents of Vietnam or of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam or of both.
1. Under the Agreements, the term “a resident of
the Contracting State” means any person who, under the laws of that state, is
liable to tax therein by reason of:
That person has an home, a period of residence
in that State or any other criterion of similar nature, in the case of an
individual; or
1.2. That person has a place of management, a
registered office, or is established in that State or has any other criterion
of similar nature, in the case of an organization; or
1.3. This term also includes the Government or
local authorities of that State, in case where an Agreement provides.
2. According to the current laws on tax in
Vietnam, the following persons are regarded as residents of Vietnam:
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a) They are present in Vietnam for 183 or more
days computed over one calendar year or 12 consecutive months as from the first
day those persons arrive in Vietnam;
Individuals present in Vietnam as prescribed at
this point means those who appear in the Vietnamese territory;
b) They have regular residences in Vietnam under
one of two cases:
- Residences registered for permanent residence
as prescribed by law on residence;
- Houses rented for residence in Vietnam as
prescribed by law on dwelling house, with duration of rent contract is 183 days
or more in taxable year.
If an individual has regular residence in
Vietnam as prescribed at this point but practically he resides in Vietnam less
than 183 days in taxable year and he fails to prove that he is resident of
other State, he is resident in Vietnam.
Example 1: In 2010, one Japanese expert
arrived Vietnam for work within 10 months. Two months in 2010 (June and
December), this expert on leave to visit his family. In 2009, the expert
lived and worked in Japan. Taxable year of Japan is from 01/4 to 31/3 of next
year. So that, in 2010, Japanese expert has worked principally in Vietnam and
regularly lived in Vietnam, and although he still has house and family in Japan
and hold Japanese nationality, he is still considered as a resident of Vietnam
for tax purpose. (Stated in Article 4, Clause 1, Agreement between Vietnam and
Japan). However, in period from 01/2010 to 30/3/2010, expert is considered as
resident of Japan for purpose of tax finalization in Vietnam and Japan.
2.2. Organizations established and operating
under the laws of Vietnam.
3. In cases where a person is deemed to be a
resident of both Vietnam and the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam under the provisions of Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article, the
residence position of such person shall be determined as follows:
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The criteria in the following priority order
shall serve as the basis for determining whether the person is a resident of
Vietnam:
a) If that individual has a permanent home in Vietnam
(either under his/her ownership or, for rented houses, his/her use right);
b) If that individual has permanent homes in
both countries, but he/she has a closer economic relation in Vietnam such as:
He has an employment, a business location, a place for personal property
management or closer personal relations in Vietnam such as familial relation
(relatives as father, mother, spouses, children, etc.), social relation (i.e.
member of a social organization or professional association, etc.);
c) If it is impossible to determine in which
State that individual has closer economic or personal relations or if he/she
has no permanent home in either of the States but has a longer time of presence
in Vietnam in the taxable year;
d) If that individual is regularly present in
both Vietnam and the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
or in neither of the States but he/she holds the Vietnamese nationality, or is
determined as Vietnamese citizen under nationality principle in force in of
Vietnam;
dd) If that individual holds the nationalities
of both Vietnam and the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam or of neither of the States, the Vietnamese competent authorities shall
settle this question through mutual agreement procedure with the competent
authorities of the other Contracting State.
3.2. For a subject not being individual:
Depending on specific provisions in each
Agreement to determine a subject not being individual as resident of Vietnam.
In the Agreements usually prescribe the following criteria:
a) If such subject is established or registered
for operation in Vietnam, it shall be deemed to be resident of Vietnam; or
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c) If such subject has place of effective
management in Vietnam, it shall be deemed to be residents of Vietnam (place of
effective management is normally the place where high-ranking officials or the
leadership of enterprise meet to consider, discuss and make managerial
decisions or where the most important accounting books are recorded and
archived; or
d) If a subject is established or registered in
both of States or has main offices or places of effective management in both of
States, the Vietnamese competent authorities and competent authorities of the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam will determine such
subject to be resident of one of two States through mutual agreement
procedure. If two States fail to reach a mutual Agreement, that subject shall
not be deemed as resident for tax of any State due to purpose of applying
Agreement.
Provisions on residents above are stated at
provision of resident (Usually Article 4) of the Agreements.
Article 2. The applied taxes
The applied taxes in Agreements are taxes on
incomes and assets specified in each Agreement.
1. In the case of Vietnam, taxes in application
scope of Agreement are:
a) Enterprise income tax; and
b) Personal income tax.
2. In the case of the Contracting States to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam, taxes in application of Agreements shall be
specified at Article 2 of Agreements (Usually Clause 3 of Article 2).
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“3. The existing taxes to which this
Agreement shall apply are:
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b) In State N:
i) Income tax;
ii) Corporation tax; and
iii) The local inhabitant taxes on income.”
According to provision above, if a local of
State N has a local inhabitant tax on income of residents and
non-residents of State N, that local inhabitant tax on income will be in
application scope of Agreement between Vietnam and State N.
Article 3. Immunities for
members of diplomatic and consular missions
Under the Agreements, the provisions of the
Agreements shall not affect the immunities of members of a diplomatic or
consular mission prescribed in the international treaties which the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam has signed or acceded to.
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Section 2. PRINCIPLES FOR
APPLICATION OF AGREEMENTS
Article 4. Principles for
application of agreements
When applying, settling tax for each case, it
must base on provision in each Agreement (included Protocol and/or exchange
letters, if any).
Article 5. Application of
Agreements, tax laws and relevant laws
1. In cases where there are disparities between
the provisions of the Agreements and those of domestic tax laws, the provisions
of the Agreements shall apply.
2. The Agreements shall not create new tax
obligations or tax obligations that are different from or heavier than those
prescribed by the domestic tax laws. Where an Agreement contains provisions
under which Vietnam is entitled to tax a certain type of income or a certain
tax rate but Vietnam’s tax law has not yet provided for the taxation of such
income or provides for a lower rate, Vietnam’s tax law shall apply, it means
non-collection of duty or collection of duty at the lower rate.
3. When Vietnam implements the provisions of an
Agreement, at a certain time the terms which are not yet defined in the
Agreement shall have the meanings provided for in Vietnam’s laws for the
taxation purpose at such time. For a term which is not yet defined in Agreement
and not yet defined or concurrently defined in Vietnamese law and law of the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, the competent authorities
of two States shall resolve problem through mutual agreement procedures. For a
term which is defined in tax laws and other laws, definition in tax laws will
be applied for implementation of Agreement.
Article 6. Some cases of
refusal for application of Agreements on the basis of the principle of
Agreement beneficial right
Unless otherwise provided in Agreement on
limitation of Agreement beneficial right, the Vietnamese taxation agencies
shall refuse the request for application of Agreement in the following cases:
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Example 3: In period from 2006 to 2012, every
year, enterprise V of Vietnam has income from royalties in Malaysia and every
year, it has paid tax in Malaysia as prescribed in Agreement between Vietnam
and Malaysia. On 01/10/2012, enterprise V files to request tax deduction under
Agreement between Vietnam and Malaysia for all tax amounts paid in Malaysia
during 2006 to 2012. In this case, the Vietnamese tax agencies shall only
consider tax deduction in Vietnam for the amounts paid for taxes arising in
Malaysia in 3 years from 01/10/2009 to 01/10/2012.
2. When principal purposes of contracts or
agreements are subjects entitled to tax exemption or reduction under Agreement.
3. The proposing person for application of
Agreement is not beneficial owner incomes involving the tax amounts which are
requested exemption, reduction under Agreement. The beneficial owner may be an
individual, a company, or an organization but it must be subject entitled to
own and control incomes, assets, or rights creating incomes. When considering
to determine a subject as a beneficial owner, the taxation agencies shall
consider all elements and circumstance involving that object on basis of
principle “nature decides for form” because objective of Agreement is double
taxation avoidance and prevention of tax evasion. In the following cases, a
person will not be deemed as the beneficial owner:
a) When the proposing person is a non-resident
person having obligation to distribute more than 50% of his income to a
resident of third State within 12 months as from receiving income;
b) When the proposing person is a non-resident
person having no (or almost having no) any business activity except for owner
of assets or rights to create incomes;
c) When the proposing person is a non-resident
person having business activity, but quantity of assets, business scale or
quantity of employees are not proportional with the earned incomes;
Example 4: A bank of a state which has no
agreement with Vietnam establishing a legal entity in France to borrow loans in
Vietnam and requests for tax exemption for interests arising in Vietnam under
the Tax Agreement between Vietnam and France. In this case, to determine the
legal entity in France is eligible for application of Agreement or not, the
Vietnamese taxation agencies shall base on amounts of loan, capability of legal
entity in France (quantity and specialized qualification of employees, assets
and other material facilities) to determine the proportionality between income
and business scale of such legal entity. If income earned by this legal entity
is very big while legal entity has only one office in France with several
employees, the proposal for application of Agreement will be refused.
d) When the proposing person is a non-resident
person having no (or almost having no) right to control or determine and not
suffering or suffering very little risk for incomes or assets or rights to
create incomes;
dd) When agreements of loaning or supplying
royalties or technical services between the proposing person who is a
non-resident and persons in Vietnam including conditions and provision in a
other agreement which the proposing person is concluding with a third party but
in that other agreement, the proposing person is the person who receives loans,
royalties or technical services;
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g) When the proposing person is an agent, an
intermediate company (unless an agent, an intermediate company requested
application of Agreement under authorization of a beneficial owner).
An agent or an intermediate company is a company
established in a contracting State only for having a necessary legal form to be
existed for purpose of tax avoidance or reduction or transfer of profit and not
participate in principal business activities such as production, trading or
service provision.
Article 7. Procedures for
solving complaints under Agreement
Procedures for solving complaints under
Agreements are stated in provision on mutual agreement procedures (usually
Article 25) of Agreements.
1. For residents of the Contracting State to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam
Where a person who is a resident of a
Contracting State (hereinafter referred to as the
complainant) assumes that Vietnamese tax agencies determined his tax
obligation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, he may
present his case under the process prescribed in tax law or documents on
solving complaints of Vietnam.
1.2. The complainant may not conduct complaint
under the process stated in point 1.1 above and may directly present his case
to the Vietnamese competent authorities prescribed in Article 51 of this
Circular or competent authorities of the contracting State where he is tax
resident to push up the process of mutual agreement procedures under Agreement.
In this case, the complaint must be conducted within three years from the first
notification of the taxation agencies resulting in taxation settlement which
the complainant assumed that it is inconsistently with Agreement.
Example 5: On 01/6/2012, Mr. A, a resident of
the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam receives a
decision on settlement of personal income tax issued by the Taxation Department
in province H and he assumes that tax obligation stated in such decision is
inconsistently with Agreement. After fulfilling obligations stated in Decision
on handling tax, Mr. A has right to make complaints directly to the General
Department of Taxation – as the Vietnamese competent authority – for solving
his case. Time limit for Mr. A to file complaint will be 3 years from
01/6/2012.
1.3. In order to make complaint under provisions
at points 1.1 and 1.2 this Clause, the complainant must comply with the
following regulations:
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b) The Vietnamese competent authorities will do
not solve complaints for cases: Complaints which have been or are being settled
by Court; or are being or have been settled under the process of solving
complaints of Vietnam; or complaints which are expired as prescribed in point
1.2.
2. For residents of Vietnam
If a resident of Vietnam assumes that a
Contracting State has determined his tax obligation not in accordance with
Agreement, he may request the Vietnamese competent authorities to conduct
mutual agreement procedures as prescribed in Agreement. Before suggesting the
Vietnamese competent authorities to conduct mutual agreement procedures, the
complainant must fulfill obligations as notified at decisions on handling tax
of Vietnamese tax agencies and tax agencies of the Contracting State to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam in case required by law of such State. The
requesting for the Vietnamese competent authorities to perform mutual agreement
procedures must be conducted within three years since the Contracting State to
an Agreement concluded with Vietnam promulgates decisions on handling tax which
the Vietnamese resident assumes that it is not appropriate with Agreement.
Chapter II
TAXES ON DIFFERENT TYPES
OF INCOME
Section 1. INCOME FROM
IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
Article 8. Definition of
immovable property
Under the Agreements, the term “immovable
property” shall have the meaning which it has under the laws of the Contracting
State in which the property in question is situated and include property accessory
to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and
forestry, rights to which the provisions of law respecting land apply, the
right to use immovable property, the right to enjoy payments for the natural
resource exploitation or the right to exploit natural resources. Ships, boats,
aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property.
Specifically, in the case of Vietnam, immovable
property includes:
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- Property accessory to immovable property
above;
- Livestock and equipment used in agriculture
and forestry;
- Rights applied under law on land in Vietnam;
- Rights to enjoy payments for the natural
resource exploitation or the right to exploit natural resources.
Example 6: A foreign resident shall be
regarded to have immovable property in Vietnam if such person owns immovable
assets in Vietnam, such as dwelling houses, construction works in attached to
land, including assets attached to those houses and construction works, or has
the land use rights in Vietnam (according to the 2005 Civil Code’s Article 174:
Immovable property and movable property) and if such person has a cattle herd
in Vietnam directly related to such land use rights, this cattle herd shall be
also regarded as immovable property in Vietnam.
Article 9. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from immovable property
Under the Agreements, all types of income earned
by a resident of a Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
from the direct use, exploitation or leasing of assorted immovable property in
Vietnam, including also immovable property of enterprises or independent
service-providing individuals, shall be taxed in Vietnam in accordance with
Vietnam’s current tax law.
Example 7: Overseas Vietnamese person X
is a resident of Singapore owns a house in Vietnam and uses it for leasing. Income
from the leasing of this house shall be taxed in Vietnam though such person is
not present in Vietnam throughout the taxable period.
The above-mentioned provisions on taxation on
income from immovable property are included in the Article Income from
immovable property (usually Article 6) of the Agreements.
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Article 10. Definition of
business income
Under the Agreements, business income means
income of enterprises of the Contracting States (hereinafter called foreign
enterprises) carrying out production and business activities in Vietnam,
excluding the types of income mentioned in Section 1 and Sections from 3
through 17, Chapter II, of this Circular.
Article 11. Determination
of tax obligation for business income
1. Cases where foreign enterprises carrying on
production and business activities in Vietnam without forming legal persons in
Vietnam.
Tax obligation
Under the Agreements, business income of a
foreign enterprise shall be taxed in Vietnam only if such enterprise has a
permanent establishment in Vietnam and such income is directly or indirectly related
to that permanent establishment. In this case, the foreign enterprise
shall be taxed in Vietnam only on the portion of income apportioned to such
permanent establishment.
1.2. Definition of permanent establishment
1.2.1. Under the Agreements, “permanent
establishment” means a fixed place of business of an enterprise, through which
the business of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.
An enterprise of a Contracting State shall be
regarded to have a permanent establishment in Vietnam if it fully satisfies the
following three conditions:
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b) This establishment must be fixed, i.e. it must
be established at a specified place and/or maintained on a permanent basis.
The fixedness of a business establishment must not necessarily mean that
such establishment must be attached to a specific geographical point for a
certain length of time; and
c) The enterprise carries on wholly or partly
business activities through this establishment.
Example 8: Chinese
company X opens a stall in a Tet (New Year) market place in Vietnam, through
which it sells goods items. Then,
this stall shall be regarded as a permanent establishment of company X in
Vietnam.
1.2.2. An enterprise of the Contracting State
shall be regarded to conduct business activities through a permanent
establishment in Vietnam in the following major cases:
a) That enterprise has in Vietnam: place of
management, branch (such as branch of a law firm, branch of a foreign office,
branch of a tobacco company, branch of a bank, etc.), office (including
commercial representative office authorized to negotiate and sign commercial
contracts), factory, workshop, mine, oil or gas well, forwarding storehouse, a
place of exploration or exploitation of natural resources, or has equipment,
facilities used for the exploration and exploitation of natural resources in
Vietnam.
Example 9:
A foreign subcontractor that uses means, equipment and labor for
participation in oil and gas exploration activities in Vietnam shall be
regarded to conduct business through a permanent establishment in Vietnam.
b) That enterprise has in Vietnam a building
site, a construction, installation or assembly project, or carries on
supervisory activities in connection therewith, provided that such site,
project or activities last for more than 6 months or 3 months (depending on
each Agreement) in Vietnam.
Building sites, construction or installation
projects include the building site, construction of houses, roads, bridges,
sewerage, installation of pipelines, excavation, dredging, etc. The period (of 6 months or 3 months) is
calculated from the date the contractor commences the preparation for the
construction in Vietnam, such as establishing its office, planning the
construction design, until the completion and transfer of the entire
construction project in Vietnam, including the time of discontinuance of the
project for any reasons.
Sub-contractors of the Contracting State
participating in the aforementioned construction or installation projects shall
be also regarded to conduct business in Vietnam through permanent
establishments if they meet all conditions stated at Point 1.2.1 above.
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Example 10: Japanese company Z wins the bid for
building a bridge in Vietnam. Bridge-building activities proceed as follows: 5
months of building bridge piles by sub-contractor Y that is also a Japanese
company and 3 months of building the bridge floor and finishing by contractor Z
itself. In this case, according to Article 5 Clause 3 of Agreement
between Vietnam and Japan, company Z shall be regarded to conduct business in
Vietnam through a permanent establishment because the total time of building
the bridge is 8 months (5 months + 3 months); company Y is not deemed as a
permanent establishment in Vietnam.
c) That enterprise provides services including
also consulting services in Vietnam through its staff or another person,
provided that these services in a related Vietnam-based project or projects
last in a period or periods exceeding 183 days in each 12-month period.
Example 11: A Sweden
aircraft-manufacturing company D entered into an aircraft maintenance service
contract with Vietnam Airlines. Under this contract, in period from
01/6/2010 to 30/5/2011, it sent teams of technical experts to Vietnam to work
for a total of 190 days. So, according to Clause 4 Article 5 of
Agreement between Vietnam and Swedish, the company D shall be regarded to have
a permanent establishment in Vietnam because teams of technical experts to
Vietnam to work for a duration exceeding 6 months in 12-month period.
Example 12. A Japanese Consultancy Company
N signs an consultancy contract with investor of project on construction of
power plant V in Vietnam as follow: i) contract of consultancy service for
power plant construction is prolonged 4 months from 01/8/2010 to 30/11/2011 and
ii) contract of consultancy service for installation is prolonged 3 months from
01/01/2011 to 31/3/2011. Both of contracts require the presence of
representation of Consultancy Company N at the construction and installation
site of power plant V in order to carry out the work during time limit of
contract. To perform consultancy contract for power plant installation, the
consultancy company N has hired a Japanese consultancy company B for
performance as representative for company N. In this case, according to
Clause 4 Article 5 of Agreement between Vietnam and Japan, the consultancy
company N shall be regarded to have a permanent establishment in Vietnam
because the presence of representative of Company at project in Vietnam exceeds
6 months in 12-month period. The consultancy company B shall be not regarded to
have a permanent establishment in Vietnam because its presence in Vietnam does
not exceed 6 months.
Example 13: With assumptions
as example 12, if the consultancy company B and investor of project entered
into a consultancy agreement in the course of test
operation from 01/4/2011 to 30/7/2011. Contract requires representative of
Consultancy Company B to present during time limit of contract at the site of
test operation of power plan V. In this case, according to clause 4 Article 5
of Agreement between Vietnam and Japan, the Consultancy Company B shall be
regarded to have a permanent establishment in Vietnam because the presence of
its representative in Vietnam exceeds 6 months in 12-month period.
Involving service supply, although Agreement
prescribed that a permanent establishment includes supply of services in which
have consultancy service in Vietnam through employees of enterprise or other
and provided that the services above in a project or concerned projects that
are prolonged in Vietnam in a duration or many durations aggregating more than
183 days in each 12-month period, but because nature of service, time of
service supply does not prolong more than 6 months in a 12-month period, while
three conditions of permanent establishment at point 1.2.1 above still satisfy,
the service supply still be regarded to have a permanent establishment in
Vietnam.
Example 14: Sweden aircraft-manufacturing
company D entered into an aircraft maintenance service contract with Vietnam
Airlines for two years. Under this contract, annually, it sends teams of
technical experts to Vietnam to work for a total of 90 days at location of
aircraft maintenance. In this case, according to Clause 1 Article 5 of
Agreement between Vietnam and Swedish, the company D shall be regarded to have
a permanent establishment in Vietnam because annually teams of technical
experts to Vietnam to work at a fixed location in Vietnam (place where aircraft
are maintained).
d) That enterprise has in Vietnam a brokerage
agent, a commission agent or any other agent, and such agents devote wholly or
most of their agency activities for that enterprise (dependent agent).
Example 15. Company V, a resident of
Vietnam, signs an agency contract for storage and delivery of paint products
with company H, a resident of the Great Britain. Under this contract,
company V is not allowed to act as agent for another paint manufacturer or
distributor. In this case, though having no function to sign contracts or
collect money in Vietnam, company V has become a dependent agent of Company H,
not independent. Under the Vietnam-Great Britain Agreement (Clause 6 or
Article 5: Permanent establishment), company H shall be regarded to have a
permanent establishment in Vietnam.
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- An authority to habitually negotiate and
conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise; or conclude contracts in his
name but bind obligations and duties of that enterprise; or
- No such authority, but the right to habitually
represent that company to deliver goods in Vietnam.
1.2.3. A foreign enterprise shall not be
regarded to have a permanent establishment in Vietnam in the following cases:
a) That enterprise uses facilities in Vietnam
solely for the purpose of storage, display of its goods.
b) That enterprise has a stock of goods in Vietnam
solely for the purpose of storage, display or of processing by another
enterprise.
c) That enterprise has a fixed place of business
in Vietnam solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or collecting information
for the enterprise.
d) That enterprise has a fixed place of business
in Vietnam solely for the purpose of carrying on preparatory or auxiliary
activities for the enterprise.
1.2.4. In cases where a resident of the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam controls, or is
controlled by, a company that is a resident of Vietnam, or is conducting
business in Vietnam (possibly through a permanent establishment or in other
forms), neither of the companies shall become a permanent establishment of
another company.
Example 16: A foreign enterprise contributes
its capital to a joint-venture company or a company with 100% foreign capital
in Vietnam. Then, the joint-venture company or the company
with 100% foreign capital shall not be regarded a permanent establishment of
that foreign enterprise.
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- Joint-venture company or company with 100%
foreign capital usually negotiates, signs contract in name of such contract; or
signs contracts in name of Joint-venture company or company with 100% foreign
capital but binding obligations or duties of foreign company; or
- Joint-venture company or company with 100%
foreign capital usually represent for foreign company to deliver goods in Vietnam;
or
- That foreign company has right to determine
the material-technical facilities of Joint-venture company or company with 100%
foreign capital during production and business (that is case where foreign
company use the material-technical facilities of Joint-venture company or
company with 100% foreign capital in Vietnam (if any) during production and
business not on the basis of the price market principle).
1.3. Determination of taxable incomes of
permanent establishments
1.3.1. The determination of the taxable income
of the permanent establishment of foreign enterprises, exclusive of foreign
banks’ branches in Vietnam as guided at point 1.3.3 below, shall comply with
documents guiding the implementation of enterprise income tax in respect to
foreign organizations and individuals doing business without establishment of a
legal entity or earning incomes in Vietnam.
1.3.2. When determining expenditures apportioned
by the headquarters of foreign enterprise or offices of foreign enterprise to a
permanent establishment in Vietnam, the permanent establishment shall be
regarded as an independent enterprise jointly conducting the same or similar
activities under the same or similar conditions totally independent from its
headquarters of foreign enterprise or offices of foreign enterprise. However,
in al case, the below apportions from the headquarters of foreign enterprise or
offices of foreign enterprise to a permanent establishment in Vietnam shall not
be recognized as expenditures for deduction:
- Royalties or similar payments for use of
patents or similar rights;
- Commission for services or management jobs;
- Loan interests under any form.
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- Royalties or similar payments for use of
patents or similar rights;
- Commission for services or management jobs;
Provisions on tax for incomes from business
above are stated in Article business income (usually Article 7) of the
Agreements.
2. Cases where foreign enterprises carry on
production and business activities in Vietnam through forming legal persons in
Vietnam.
According to Vietnam’s current laws, foreign
enterprises may conduct business in Vietnam through forming such legal persons
in Vietnam as joint-venture enterprises or enterprises with 100% foreign
capital.
Under the Agreements, these legal persons are
obliged to pay tax on incomes from their production and business activities
like other Vietnamese enterprises in accordance with the current provisions of
the enterprise income law. Particularly, incomes that are earned by
foreign enterprises in the form of profit divided to investors or income from
the transfer of contributed capital amounts (if any) shall comply with the
provisions of the relevant articles of the Agreements on Dividends or Income
from Alienation of Property.
Example 17: A Chinese company T
contributes capital to a joint-venture company X in Vietnam. In
2009, Joint venture X earned VND 100 million which is profit from its business
activities; after paying enterprise income tax in Vietnam at the tax rate of
25%, all after-tax profit is divided under rate of capital contribution. In
2010, Company T sold 50% of its contributed capital in joint venture X and
collected VND 3 billion and VND 50 million as interests of loan which it supply
for Joint venture X. Tax obligation of joint venture X and company T in 2010 as
follows:
- Joint venture X pays enterprise income tax
as other Vietnamese enterprises. Specified:
Enterprise income tax = VND 100 million x 25%
- VND 25 million
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+ For divided after-tax profit (VND 75
million x 70%): To pay tax for dividends (guide in section 4. Dividends,
Chapter II, this Circular);
+ For income from transfer of contributed
capital (VND 3 billion): To pay tax for income from Alienation of Property
(guide in section 8. Income from Alienation of Property, Chapter II, this
Circular);
+ For income from loan interests (VND 50
billion): To pay tax for income from loan interests (guide in section 5. Income
from loan interests, Chapter II, this Circular).
Section 3. INCOME FROM
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT
Article 12. Definition of
international transport
Under the Agreements, international transport
means activities of carrying cargoes, passengers by ship or aircraft
(some cases specified in each particular Agreement may also include means of
road transport, railway transport, inland waterway transport (hereinafter
referred collectively to as transport means), performed by enterprises of the
Contracting State, except for the case these transport activities take place
only between two places in Vietnam or in the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam.
Example 18: A Japanese company transports
cargoes and passengers in Vietnam. The following passenger and cargo
transport activities of this enterprise shall be regarded as international
transport:
- Carriage of cargoes and passengers from a place
in Vietnam to a place in Japan (including also the carriage of cargoes and
passengers from Hai Phong via Ho Chi Minh City and Osaka to Tokyo);
- Carriage of cargoes and passengers from a
place in Vietnam to a place outside Vietnam (for example, Singapore);
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Article 13. Identification
of beneficial owners for incomes from international transport
Depending on each Agreement, international
transport enterprises of the Contracting State shall be identified according to
the following criteria:
1. Enterprises are managed by residents of
Vietnam or of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, or
2. Enterprises have a place of effective
management in Vietnam or in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam; provided that these enterprises own or have the right to use at
least the whole of a transport means and use such means for cargo and/or
passenger transport on international traffic routes (called transport means
directly managed by enterprises).
Article 14. Determination
of income from international transport
Depending on the provisions of each Agreement,
income derived from international transport of persons stated in Article 13
shall enjoy tax reduction or exemption in Vietnam or in the Contracting State
to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
The scope of application of tax exemption or
reduction in Vietnam to enterprises of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam covers:
1. Income from international transport by
transport means of directly managed by enterprises and from auxiliary
activities attaching to such international transport, specifically:
Turnover from international transport by
transport means directly managed by enterprises which issue transport documents
(tickets, bills of lading or passenger and cargo transport manifests).
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Example 19: Japanese shipping company A agrees
to transport cargoes of company C from Vietnam to Holland with the freight of
USD 300. As shipping company A has no ship under its direct management,
it charters a space aboard a ship of shipping company B of Thailand at the
freight of USD 250. Apart from the above-said carriage of cargoes for
shipping company A, shipping company B also directly transports cargoes of
other customers on the same trip with the freight of USD 200. In this
case:
- For shipping company A: the amount of USD 300
earned from the transport of cargoes for Company C or the amount of USD 50
earned as a difference from its transport of cargoes for Company C and charter
of a space aboard the ship of company B shall all be regarded as income from
international traffic by sea-going ship so as to enjoy exemption or reduction
under the Vietnam-Japan Agreement because Company A does not directly manage
the ship (just buying a space aboard the ship of shipping company B).
Therefore, it is still liable to full payment of enterprise income tax.
- For shipping company B: the freight of USD 450
shall be regarded as income from international transport entitled to tax
reduction under the Vietnam-Thailand Agreement (a 50% reduction of payable
enterprise income tax)
1.3. Turnover from the carriage of cargoes or
passengers when the enterprises enter into partnerships to operate on
international traffic routes, provided that the enterprises enter into the
partnerships on the basis of contributing transport means directly managed by
the enterprises or contributing funds for the operation of the transport means
directly managed by the partnerships and the involved parties use separate
transport documents. In this case, turnover shall be determined on the
basis of transport documents issued by the enterprises of the partnerships but
must not exceed the space limits of the transport means which the enterprises
may exploit in accordance with the partnership agreements.
1.4. Turnover from the carriage of passengers or
cargoes by transport means managed by other enterprises, with international
transport documents issued by the enterprises under either of the following two
conditions:
a) Such carriage stage is part of the
international traffic trip by ship or aircraft directly managed by the
enterprises and is stated in the transport documents issued by the enterprises
themselves;
Example 20: Using example 10 above, Japanese
shipping company A agrees to transport cargoes of company C from Vietnam to
Holland with the freight of USD 300. Yet, shipping company A has ship A1
under its direct management and this ship transports cargoes at the second
stage from Singapore to Holland. For the first stage from Vietnam to
Singapore, company A has to hire shipping company B of Thailand to transport
the cargoes with the freight of USD 50.
- For shipping company A: the freight of USD 250
(300- 50) shall be regarded as income from international transport entitled to
tax reduction under the Vietnam-Japan Agreement.
- For shipping company B: the freight of USD 50
shall be regarded as income from international transport entitled to tax
reduction under the Vietnam-Thailand Agreement (a 50% reduction of payable
enterprise income tax).
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1.5. Income from the short-term letting
(keeping) of containers as an auxiliary activity attaching to the operation of
the transport means directly managed by enterprises, if prescribed in the
Agreements.
The nature of auxiliary activity attaching to
the operation of transport means of the short-term letting (keeping) of
containers shall be determined to be containers accompanying the transport
means entering a Vietnamese port, containers currently containing import
cargoes and the container use charge is included in the freight; income from
the short-term letting of containers arises because the goods recipients keep
containers beyond the time limit for free-of-charge use.
1.6. Turnover from the charter of bare ships or
aircraft (called bareboat charter) which is auxiliary to the international
traffic operation of the transport means directly managed by the enterprises,
if it is specified in the Agreements and fully meets the following three
conditions:
a) The transport means is being used by the
enterprise in international transport; and
b) The total chartering time is shorter than the
time the transport means is operated for international transport by the enterprise
itself within 12 months starting or ending the calendar year; and
c) The charterer must not change the name and
call signals of the transport means.
Bareboat charter means that the charter of a
ship whereby the chartered supplies the charterer a specific ship not including
entire ship or crew.
Turnover mentioned at Points 1.5 and 1.6 above
shall not be regarded as turnover from auxiliary activities attaching to
international transport for application of the Agreements if enterprises do not
derive any turnover items stated at Point 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 3.1.4.
2. Where two or more enterprises carry on
partnership activities in order to create a partnership without legal person
status to carry on international traffic activities with transport means directly
managed by the partnership and transport documents issued in the name of such
partnership, the identification of the scope of tax exemption and reduction
under an Agreement shall be made separately for each party to the partnership
under the Agreement concluded between Vietnam and the country of which the
party to the partnership is a resident or in which the party to the partnership
has its place of effective management. The bases for determination
of turnover entitled to tax exemption or reduction shall be similar to those
stipulated at Clause 1 and such turnover shall be apportioned according to the
percentage of turnover divided to the party to the partnership in accordance
with the partnership contract or agreement.
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When declaring their tax obligations, the
above-said enterprises must separately account the aforesaid income items for
consideration of enterprise income tax exemption or reduction in accordance
with the provisions on income from international transport. In all cases,
turnover considered for tax exemption or reduction must not exceed the
enterprise income tax-liable turnover of international transport in accordance
with relevant regulatory documents.
Where an Agreement (like the Agreements with
Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines) stipulates only a percentage of
income tax reduction, enterprises shall have to pay income tax on income from
international transport according to the non-reduction percentage.
The above-said provisions on taxation on income
from international transport are included in the Article International
transport (usually Article 8) of the Agreements.
Section 4. INCOME FROM DIVIDENDS
Article 15. Definition of
dividends
Under the Agreements, dividends mean amounts
deducted from the after-tax incomes of limited liability companies, joint-stock
companies and paid to members of limited liability companies, shareholders,
amounts deducted from after-tax incomes of joint-venture enterprises,
enterprises with 100% foreign capital and paid to foreign parties, incomes
derived from overseas (indirect) investment activities (excluding loan
interests under the provisions of Section 5, Chapter II, this Circular) by
residents of Vietnam, and Vietnamese enterprises’ divided incomes from overseas
direct investment, which are treated by the Contracting States like dividends.
Example 22: Vietnamese enterprise S invests in
States X and Y and the situation of its income and tax payment according to the
regulations of States X and Y is as follows.
No.
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State X
1
2
3
4
5
Pre-tax income
Income tax of 28%
After-tax Income
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Actually received income
100
28
72
14.4 (tax rate
of 20%)
57.6
100
28
72
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72
So, enterprise S is regarded to have overseas
dividends of 72 within the scope of the Agreement with State X and to have no
overseas dividends within the scope of the Agreement with State Y.
Article 16. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from dividends
1. Under the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to
tax dividends paid by a company being a resident of Vietnam to a resident of
the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam at the limit rate
set in each Agreement (usually not exceeding 15%, provided that the recipient
is the beneficial owner.
2. Where a resident of Vietnam receives
dividends of a company being a resident of the Contracting State to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam, the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam shall be entitled to impose income tax in accordance
with the provisions of Clause 1 this Article and Vietnam shall be entitled to
tax this income in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law; but at the same
time Vietnam must apply methods for elimination of double taxation on this
income (provided for in Chapter III. Methods for elimination of double
taxation in Vietnam, of this Circular).
3. Where a resident receives dividends which,
under Vietnam’s current tax law, are not subject to income tax or are subject
to income tax at a rate lower than that prescribed in the Agreement, such
resident shall fulfill the tax obligation prescribed by Vietnam’s current tax
law.
Example 23. A British company invests USD 14
million in a joint-venture company in Vietnam and in 2010 it received dividends
from joint venture in Vietnam. Although under the Vietnam-Great
Britain Agreement (Clause 2.a of Article 10: Dividends), Vietnam is entitled to
tax such income at the rate of 7%. But according to its current laws, Vietnam
does not tax this income, so the British company does not have to pay tax on
the above-said income from dividends.
Article 17. Identification
of beneficial owners for incomes from dividends under Agreement
Under the Agreements, the provisions on taxation
on dividends shall apply only to residents being recipients, beneficial owners
of the benefits of shares, namely shareholders. Therefore, apart from
some cases of not being entitled to enjoy benefit under Agreement defined in
Article 6. Some cases of refusal for application of Agreement on the basis of
principle of enjoying benefit under Agreement, the reduced tax rates or tax
exemption for incomes from dividend prescribed in Agreements shall not apply
to:
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Example 24: An investment fund registered in
State S (established by members being residents of Contracting States to
Agreements concluded with Vietnam) participates in capital contribution for
establishment of Joint venture Company V in Vietnam. That investment fund is
not a resident of State S. The received dividends from investment fund of joint
venture company V and the received incomes by members contributing capital in
investment fund from the dividends divided by investment fund are not applied
Agreements between Vietnam and State S and States in which members are
residents.
2. Dividends paid by companies being residents
of Vietnam to the Vietnam-based permanent establishments of the residents of
the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
Example 25. Bank branch CV, a
Vietnam-based branch of French bank C, purchases shares of a Vietnamese
joint-stock company and is divided a dividend. At the request of
CV branch, such dividend is directly remitted to bank C headquartered in Paris.
In this case, the beneficial owner of the dividends is branch CV,
not bank C. Because branch CV is a Vietnam-based permanent establishment
of bank C so, under the Vietnam-France Agreement (Clause 5 of Article 10:
Dividends), the provisions on taxation on dividends shall not apply to bank C
but the provisions on taxation on income from business activities shall apply
(Article 7: Enterprise profits, the Vietnam-France Agreement).
3. Dividends paid by a company being a resident
of Vietnam to another Vietnamese company’s permanent establishment based in the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
Example 26. Vietnamese bank V has a branch VC
in State L, the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam. According
to the laws of State L, branch VC is regarded as a permanent establishment of
bank V in such State. Branch VC purchases shares of a
Vietnam-based company and receives dividends therefrom. In this
case, the provisions on taxation on dividends in the Vietnam-L Agreement shall
not be applied
The above-said provisions on taxation on
dividends are included in the Article Dividends (usually Article 10) of the
Agreements.
Section 5. INCOME FROM LOAN
INTERESTS
Article 18. Definition of
loan interests
Under the Agreements, “loan interest” means
income from money amounts lent in any forms, secured or not secured by mortgage
and with or without the borrower’s right to enjoy profits, and especially
income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures,
including also premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or
debentures.
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1. Under
the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to tax interest arising in Vietnam and paid
to a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
at a limit rate (usually not exceeding 10%), depending on each Agreement,
provided that the recipient is the beneficial owner.
Interest arising in Vietnam means interest from
lent money which is borne and paid by any resident of Vietnam, including
interest borne and paid by the Vietnamese government and Vietnamese local
authorities or Vietnam-based permanent establishments or fixed places of
foreign residents.
Example 27. Bank branch QT, a Vietnam-based
branch of Thai bank Q, pays to bank Q an interest. Because branch QT is a
Vietnam-based permanent establishment of bank Q, this interest, under the
Vietnam-Thailand Agreement, is regarded as arising in Vietnam and being taxed
in Vietnam at the rate of 10% (Clause 2.a of Article 11: Loan interest).
However, this tax rate is equal to 5% that prescribed in Vietnam’s
current income tax documents. So, Vietnam is entitled to collect tax only at
the rate of 5%.
2. In cases where a resident of Vietnam receives
an interest arising in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam, such Contracting State is entitled to tax at source such income as
stipulated at Clause 1 above and Vietnam is also entitled to tax this income in
accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law but, at the same time, Vietnam must
apply methods for elimination of double taxation on this income (prescribed in
Chapter III. Methods for elimination of double taxation in Vietnam, of this
Circular).
3. In cases where Vietnam’s current tax law does
not provide for the taxation on this type of income or provides for the
taxation at a rate lower than that prescribed in an Agreement, the income
earners shall fulfill the tax obligation prescribed by Vietnam’s current tax
law.
Example 28: Using example 17 above, but with
the assumption that the interest is paid to a resident being an individual in
Thailand. Though, under the Vietnam-Thailand Agreement (Clause 2.b of
Article 11: Interest), Vietnam is entitled to tax this income at the rate of
15%. But according to Vietnam’s current income tax law, the applicable tax rate
is 5%. So, Vietnam collects tax only at the rate of 5%, instead of 15%.
Article 20. Identification
of beneficial owners for incomes from interest under Agreement
Under the Agreements, the provisions on taxation
on income being interest shall apply only to persons directly supplying loans,
directly receiving interests and concurrently being beneficial owners of such
interests, i.e. lenders.
Example 29. A Vietnamese company signs a
contract borrowing capital with a Korean Bank H. Under contract, Vietnam
company receives principal from and pay both the principal and interest to bank
H in an account of Bank H opened in Bank C of State C. In this case, the
beneficial owner of the interest is Korean bank H, regardless where
State C, has concluded a Double taxation agreement with Vietnam or not.
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Example 31: Using example 30 above with an
assumption that Company A pay the interest under the way (iii) as follows:
Company A pays all the interest to bank E, after that, the interest is divided
under agreement of lenders (Banks C, D and E). In this case, Banks C, D and E
are not subject to apply Agreement.
Apart from some cases of not being entitled to
enjoy benefit under Agreement defined in Article 6. Some cases of refusal for
application of Agreement on the basis of principle of enjoying benefit under
Agreement, the reduced tax rates or tax exemption for incomes from the interest
prescribed in Agreements shall not apply to:
1. Recipients of paid interests, which are not
lenders.
Example 32: A Vietnamese company pays an
interest to Thai Bank C. At the request of this bank, this interest is
remitted to French bank P headquartered in Paris. In this case, the
beneficial owner of the interest is Thai bank C, not French bank P. So,
bank P is not entitled to request the application of the provisions of the
Vietnam-France Agreement to this interest.
2. Interest arising in Vietnam and paid to a
Vietnam-based permanent establishment of a resident of the Contracting State to
an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
Example 33. A Vietnamese company pays the
interest to Vietnam-based branch V of foreign bank C being resident of
Thailand. In this case, the interest received by foreign bank’ branch V
shall be regarded as a normal business income (not income from interest) of
foreign bank’ branch V in Vietnam according to provisions of Thailand-Vietnam
Agreement.
3. Interest
arising in Vietnam and paid to another Vietnamese company’s permanent
establishment situated in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam.
Example 34. Vietnamese bank V has a branch VC
in State L, the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
According to the laws of State L, branch VC is regarded as a permanent
establishment of bank V in such State. Branch VC grants a loan to a
Vietnam-based company and receives an interest thereon. In this case, the
provisions on taxation on interests in the Vietnam- L Agreement shall not be
applied.
4. Interest arising in Vietnam and paid to a
permanent establishment of an enterprise of a third State situated in the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
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5. The lent money is not transferred directly
from account of the lender being resident of Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam.
Example
36: Using example 30 above with an assumption that all the lent money under
contract is transferred to Company A from account of Bank E; then, the interest
arising on this lent money will not subject to application of Agreements.
The above-said provisions on taxation on
interest are included in the Article Interest (usually Article 11) of the
Agreements.
Section 6. INCOME FROM
ROYALTIES
Article 21. Definition of
royalties
Under the Agreements, royalties mean amounts
paid for the use of or the right to use:
1. Copyright of literary, artistic or scientific
work including cinematographic films, photograph films or tapes used for radio
or television broadcasting;
2. Patent and invention;
3. Trademark;
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5. Computer software;
6. Industrial, commercial or scientific
equipment;
7. Information related to industrial, scientific
or commercial experiences.
Article 22. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from dividends
1. Under the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to
tax royalties arising in Vietnam and paid to a resident of the Contracting
State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam at a limit rate (usually not
exceeding 10%), depending on each Agreement, provided that the recipient is the
beneficial owner.
Royalties arising in Vietnam mean royalties
borne and paid by any resident of Vietnam, including those borne and paid by
the Vietnamese Government and local authorities or Vietnam-based permanent
establishments or fixed places of foreign residents.
2. Where a resident of Vietnam receives a
royalty arising in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam, such Contracting State is entitled to impose income tax thereon as
stipulated at Clause 1 above and Vietnam is also entitled to tax this income in
accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law but, at the same time, Vietnam must
apply methods for elimination of double taxation on this income (prescribed in
Chapter III: Methods for elimination of double taxation in Vietnam of this
Circular).
Example 37: A lubricant-making joint venture
in Vietnam signs with a Korean company a contract which stipulates that this
company transfers to the Vietnamese joint venture its lubricant-making formula
for 20 years. When the Vietnamese joint venture pays the royalty to the
Korean company, it must, according to Vietnam’s tax law, deduct 10% of the
total of such royalty for remittance into the budget. However, under the
Vietnam-Korea Agreement (Clause 2.a of Article 12: Royalties), this joint
venture must make a deduction at 5% only, instead of 10%.
3. Where Vietnam’s current tax law does not
provide for the taxation on this type of income or provides for the taxation at
a rate lower than that prescribed in the Agreements, the income earners shall
fulfill the tax obligation prescribed by Vietnam’s current tax law.
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Article 23. Identification
of beneficial owners for incomes from royalties under Agreement
Under the Agreements, the provisions on taxation
on royalties shall apply only to persons directly receiving and concurrently
being beneficial owners of royalties, i.e. persons having the right to own, use
or exploit copyright. And, therefore, shall not apply to:
1. Recipients of paid royalties, which are not
persons having the right to own, use or exploit copyright; or
2. Royalties arising in Vietnam and directly
related to a Vietnam-based permanent establishment of the beneficial owner
being a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam; or
3. Royalties arising in Vietnam and paid to
another Vietnamese company’s permanent establishment situated in the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam.
Example 39: A Vietnam-based branch of a
British tobacco company permits a Vietnamese company to use the formula and
trademark of the British tobacco company in the Vietnamese company’s products
on the condition that the branch inspects and monitors the use process.
In this case, the royalty from the use of the formula and trademark of
the British tobacco company is directly related to the branch. Because
the branch is a Vietnam-based permanent establishment of the British tobacco
company, under the Vietnam- Great Britain Agreement (Clause 4 of Article 12:
Royalties), Vietnam is entitled to tax this income in the same manner
applicable to business income (Article 7: Business profits, of the
Vietnam-Great Britain Agreement).
The above-said provisions on taxation on
royalties are included in the Article Royalties (usually Article 12) of the
Agreements.
Section 7. INCOME FROM THE
PROVISION OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
Article 24. Definition of
technical service charges
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Article 25. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from technical services
1. Under the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to
tax technical service charges arising in Vietnam and paid to a resident of the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam at a limit rate
(usually not exceeding 10%), depending on each Agreement, provided that the
recipient is the beneficial owner.
Technical service charges arising in Vietnam
mean payments borne and made in any forms by any resident of Vietnam, including
those borne and paid by the Vietnamese Government and local authorities or
Vietnam-based permanent establishments or fixed places of foreign residents.
Example 40: Company X, a resident of Vietnam,
specializes in producing canned fruits. In order to expand its outlets to
Europe, it hires company M in Germany to give legal advice on the procedures
for opening a branch or finding a sale agent. This consultancy service is
provided in Germany and company M has no permanent establishment in Vietnam.
In this case, when paying service charges to
company M, company X must deduct an enterprise income tax at a rate not
exceeding 7.5% according to the Vietnam-Germany Agreement (Clause 1.b of
Article 12: Royalties and technical service charges).
2. Where a resident of Vietnam receives a
technical service charge arising in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam, such Contracting State is entitled to impose income tax thereon
as stipulated at Clause 1 above and Vietnam is also entitled to tax this income
in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law but, at the same time, Vietnam
must apply methods for elimination of double taxation on this income
(prescribed in Chapter III: Methods for elimination of double taxation in
Vietnam, of this Circular).
The above-said provisions on taxation on
technical service charges are included in the Article Technical service charges
(usually Article 13) of the Agreements.
Section 8. INCOME FROM THE
ALIENATION OF PROPERTY
Article 26. Definition of
income from the alienation of property
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Article 27. Definition of
tax obligation for income from the alienation of property
1. Tax obligation for income from the alienation
of immovable property in Vietnam
Under the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to tax
income derived from the alienation of immovable property in Vietnam by a resident
of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam in accordance
with Vietnam’s current tax law.
Example 41: A French oil-exploiting firm
transfers its right to exploit oil at a location in Vietnam’s sea; income
derived therefrom shall be taxed in accordance with Vietnam’s law.
2. Tax obligation for Income from the alienation
of movable property being business property of a Vietnam-based permanent
establishment
Under the Agreements, Vietnam is entitled to tax
income earned from the alienation of business property by a Vietnam-based
permanent establishment of a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law.
Example 42. Bank branch C of State P (the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam) operates in Hanoi.
In 2004, the branch terminated its operation and sold all equipment and
property already used for its business purpose. Income from the
above-said alienation must be declared for tax payment (after subtracting the
residual value of the equipment and property) at the current enterprise income
tax rate in Vietnam (of 25%).
3. Tax obligation for income from the alienation
of ships and aircraft operated in international transport
Under the Agreements, income from the alienation
of ships and aircraft operated in international transport (in line with the
definition at Article 12. Definition of international transport, of this
Circular) and managed by international transport enterprises of the Contracting
State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam shall not be taxed in Vietnam.
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Most of the Agreements between Vietnam and
foreign countries provide that Vietnam is entitled to collect income tax in
cases where the foreign parties alienate their capital in enterprises, entrusts
or partnerships being resident of Vietnam and the value of immovable property
occupies a principal rate in total assets of enterprises.
Rate of immovable property value in total
properties of enterprise is simple average of rate of immovable property value
in total properties of enterprise at time of alienation of property, the
beginning time and ending time of Taxable year is time prior to year when
properties are transferred. Determination of immovable property value is
based in the audited property summary table of enterprise at the aforesaid
times.
The principal rate of immovable property value
in total properties of enterprise is determined as follows:
- Where Agreement specifies the rate or
principal rate, complying with the rate prescribed in Agreement, such as at
Clause 4 Article 13 of Vietnam - Spain Agreement specified the rate of
over 50%, or at clause 4 Article 14 of Vietnam-Oman Agreement and at Clause 4
Article 13 of Vietnam - United Arab Emirates Agreement specified the principal
rate of over 50%.
- Where an Agreement fails to specify the rate
or the principal rate, the principal is determined over 50%
Example 43: On 30/3/2012, an investor,
resident of Indonesia, transfers its capital part in an enterprise V in
Vietnam. Rate of immovable property value in total properties of
enterprise V at times of 30/3/2012, 01/01/2011 and 31/12/2011 will be
respectively60%, 40% and 53%. Determination of the principal
rate of immovable property value in total properties of enterprise V for
purpose of tax obligation determination of Indonesian investor as follows:
Clause 4 Article 13: Gains from alienation of
property, Vietnam-Indonesia Agreement prescribes as follows:
“4. Gains derived by a resident of a
Contracting State from the alienation of shares or comparable interests in a
company, the assets of which consist wholly or principally or immovable
property situated in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other
State."
The provision above does not specify rate of
immovable property value in assets of company, so the rate of over 50% will be
principal.
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(60% + 40% + 53%) / 3 = 51%.
So that, in this example, the value of immovable
property has occupied principally in assets of company V.
5. Tax obligation for income from the alienation
of shares in a Vietnam-based company
In some Agreements, prescribed that income from
alienation of shares of a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam in a company being resident of Vietnam must tax in
Vietnam.
Example 44: Clause 5 Article 13: Gains from
alienation of property, Vietnam-Indonesia Agreement prescribes as follows:
“Gains from the alienation of shares other
than those mentioned in clause 4 in a company which is a resident of a
Contracting State may be taxed in that State."
According to the provision above, if an
Indonesian resident earns income from transfer of shares to a company which is
resident of Vietnam, that income will be taxed in Vietnam.
6. Tax
obligation for income from the alienation of other property in Vietnam
Under the Agreements, income earned from the
alienation of property other than the kinds of property stated at Clause 1 thru
Clause 5 above in Vietnam by a resident of the Contracting State to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam shall not be taxed in Vietnam.
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The above-said provisions on taxation on income
from the alienation of property are included in the Article Income from the
alienation of property (usually Article 13) of the Agreements.
Section 9. INCOME FROM
INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Article 28. Definition of
income from independent professional services
Under the Agreements, income from independent
professional services means income earned by an individual who is a resident of
the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam from independent
activities of providing professional services such as scientific, literature,
art, education or training services, particularly independent professional
services of doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists, accountants and
auditors.
Income from individual professional services
does not include remuneration from employment (prescribed in the Article Income
from dependent personal activities), directors’ fees (prescribed in the Article
Directors’ fees), pensions (prescribed in the Article Pensions), government
services (prescribed in the Article Income from government services), income of
pupils and students (prescribed in the Article Income of students), teachers
and professors (prescribed in the Article Income of professors, teachers and
researchers), and independent performances of artistes and athletes (prescribed
in the Article Income of artistes and athletes).
Article 29. Determination of
tax obligation for income from independent professional services
Under Agreements, a resident of the Contracting
State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam conducts supply of independent
professional service in Vietnam must pay individual income tax in Vietnam in
the following cases:
1. That individual does practice independently
through a fixed place of business.
The phrase “fixed place” refers to a place or an
address of a habitual or stable nature within the territory of a nation,
through which an individual provides professional services (for example, a
medial counseling room, an architect’s or lawyer’s office, etc.). The
principle for determination of a “fixed place” is similar to that for
determination of a “permanent establishment” of an enterprise stated at Point
1.2, Article 11 of this Circular.
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3. That individual earns a total fixed income,
depending on each Agreement, from independent practice implementation in
Vietnam in a defined duration (usually a financial year).
Example 46: in 2012, a doctor, resident of
Bangladesh, conducted an operation at an international hospital in Vietnam and
received a remuneration of VND 50,000,000. Duration for
doctor to be present in Vietnam for operation is 5 days. According to provision
of Vietnam (Clause 1c Article 15: Independent professional service activity),
because the income of doctor is VND 50,000,000 (in excess of USD 1,500), so
this doctor has obligation to pay individual income tax in Vietnam.
The above-mentioned provisions on taxation on
income from independent professional service activity are included in the
Article Independent personal services (usually Article 14) of the Agreements.
Section 10. INCOME FROM
DEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Article 30. Definition of
income from dependent professional services
Under the Agreements, income from dependent
personal services means income in the form of remuneration derived by a person
who is a resident of a Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
from his employment in Vietnam and vice versa. Income from dependent
personal services does not include income of individuals in the capacity as
independent professional practitioners (prescribed in the Article Independent
professional services), members of enterprises’ directorates (prescribed in the
Article Directors’ fees), artistes and athletes (prescribed in the Article
Income of artistes and athletes), employees serving foreign governments
(prescribed in the Article Income from government services), and remuneration
in the form of pensions (prescribed in the Article on Pensions.
Article 31. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from dependent individual services
1. Under the Agreements, an individual, who is a
resident of a Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, derives
income from his/her employment in Vietnam, shall have to pay income tax in
Vietnam in accordance with Vietnam’s current regulations on personal income
tax.
Example 47. In 2003, Mr. A, a resident of
France, worked for bank branch F, a Vietnam-based branch of a French bank, for
2 months. All of his salary and other income were paid by branch F.
In the years preceding and following 2003, Mr. A was not present in
Vietnam. In this case, Mr. A is obliged to pay personal income tax on the
income he earns during the time of working in Vietnam in accordance with
Vietnam’s current regulations on personal income tax.
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a) That individual is present in Vietnam for
less than 183 days in a period of 12 months starting or ending within the
taxable year concerned; and
b) The employer is not a resident of Vietnam,
regardless of whether that remuneration is directly paid by the employer
or through the employer’s representative; and
c) This remuneration is not borne and paid by
the Vietnam-based permanent establishment set up by the employer.
Example 48: Japanese company N participates
in setting up joint venture S specialized in the distribution of goods in
Vietnam. In 2002, company N sent Mr. Z to Vietnam in the capacity as its
representative to negotiate on a contract on company N’s supply of sale
“know-how” to joint venture S for one month. In the years preceding and
following the year 2002, Mr. Z was not present in Vietnam. All of his
income and expenses were paid by company N. In this case, Mr. Z
concurrently satisfies all the three conditions stated at Clause 2 above, so he
is exempt from personal income tax in Vietnam.
3. The term “employer” used at Point 2b) refers
to real employer. As usual, a person shall be regarded as real employer
in the following cases:
a) That person has rights on the products and
services created by the employee and bearing responsibility as well as risks
for such labor; or
b) That person gives instructions and supplies
working tools to the employee; or;
c) That person is entitled to control and bears
responsibility for the working place.
Example 49: Using example 29 above with the
assumption that in 2003 Mr. Z visited Vietnam in the capacity as specialist of
joint venture S to guide the application of the “know-how” for 3 months.
In the years preceding and following that year, Mr. Z was not present in
Vietnam. In the spirit of assisting joint venture S, company N paid for
all incomes and expenses of Mr. Z during his working time in Vietnam. In
this case, in terms of form, Mr. Z concurrently satisfies all three conditions
stated at Clause 2 above, but, in essence, compared to real employer’s
criteria, the real employer of Mr. Z during his working time in Vietnam is
joint venture S, not company N. So, Mr. Z is not exempt from personal income
tax in Vietnam
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Example 50: In 2011, Vietnamese Construction
Company V assigned its workers go to Laos for work at a construction site of it
in Laws within duration of 12 months. Income from salary of these workers for
working in Laws will not be taxed in Vietnam.
5. Income earned by individuals employed aboard
ships, boats or aircraft (crews) operated in international transport by
enterprises that are residents of, or have places of effective management in,
Vietnam shall be taxed in Vietnam.
Example
51: Company S, a Vietnamese ocean shipping company, charters ships and
foreign crews to operate on the China-Singapore international route. It is obliged
to deduct personal income tax according to Vietnam’s laws from the salaries
paid to individual crewmembers though these salaries constitute part of the
ship charter costs.
The above-mentioned provisions on taxation on
income from dependent professional service activity are included in the Article
Dependent personal services (usually Article 15) of the Agreements.
Section 11. INCOME FROM
DIRECTORS’ FEES
Article 32. Definition of
income from directors’ fees
Under the Agreements, directors’ fees mean incomes
received in Vietnam by a person being a resident of the Contracting State to an
Agreement concluded with Vietnam in the capacity as a member of Board of
Directors, Managing Board of a company or as a senior manager of an
enterprise being a resident of Vietnam; and vice versa. This income does
not include salaries received by such members for other functions performed by
them as employee, consultant or advisor, salaries of foreigners holding a post
in Vietnam-based representative offices of foreign companies. These
normal incomes shall be regarded as incomes from dependent personal services
(prescribed in Section 10: Income from dependent personal services, Chapter II
of this Circular).
Article 33. Definition of
tax obligation for income from directors’ fees
Under the Agreements, individuals who are
residents of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
receive remuneration in the capacity as members of Board of Directors, Managing
Board or as senior managers of a company being a resident of Vietnam shall pay
tax on such type of income in accordance with the regulations on individual
income tax in Vietnam (regardless whether they are present in Vietnam or not)
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Provisions on tax for incomes from directors'
fee above are included in Article directors' fee (usually Article 16) of the
Agreements.
Section 12. INCOME FROM
PERFORMANCES OF ARTISTES AND ATHLETES
Article 34. Definition of
income from performances of artistes and athletes
Under the Agreements, income from performances
in Vietnam by artistes and athletes means income from art or sport
performances in Vietnam by artistes or athletes themselves, who are residents
of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam; and vice
versa.
Article 35. Determination
of tax obligation for income from performances of artistes and athletes
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 9 -
Income from independent professional services and Section 10 - Income from
dependent personal services, Chapter II of this Circular, income earned by an
individual, who is a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam, from his/her art, sport performance in Vietnam shall be
taxed in accordance with Vietnam’s laws.
Example 53: In 2012, at the invitation of
Vietnamese Performance Company V, a singer, resident of Korea, had a
performance in Vietnam and received a remuneration of VND 500,000,000.
Duration for the singer to be present in Vietnam for performance is 3
days. According to provision of Vietnam-Korea Agreement (Clause 1 Article 17:
artistes and athletes), this singer has obligation to pay individual income tax
in Vietnam.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2 -
Business income, Section 9 - Income from independent professional services and
Section 10 - Income from dependent personal services, Chapter II of this
Circular, income from art or sport performances which is not paid to the
performing individuals being residents of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam but to other persons shall be taxed in Vietnam in
accordance with Vietnam’s laws.
Example 54: Using example 53 above, Korean
singer arrived Vietnam for performance on the basis of a contract (which is
signed in Korea) between Vietnamese performances Company V and Korean Star
Company. According to provision of Vietnam-Korea Agreement (Clause 2 Article
17: artistes and athletes), the income of Star Company from this contract will
be taxed enterprise income tax in Vietnam.
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Example 55: In 2012, in framework of cultural
exchange signed between Vietnamese Government and Korean Government, a singer,
resident of Korea, had a performance in Vietnam and received a remuneration of
VND 500,000,0000. According to provision of Vietnam-Korea Agreement
(Clause 3 Article 17: artistes and athletes), this singer does not have
obligation to pay individual income tax in Vietnam.
The above-said provisions on taxation on income
of artistes and athletes are included in the Article Artistes and Athletes
(usually Article 17) of the Agreements.
Section 13. INCOME FROM
PENSIONS
Article 36. Definition of
income from pensions
Under the Agreement, pensions mean pensions
received by a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with
Vietnam from his/her past employment in Vietnam; and vice versa. This
income does not include pensions paid by the governments, local authorities of
Vietnam and the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam
because this income is regarded as income from Government services (prescribed
in Section 14: Income from Government services, Chapter II of this Circular).
Article 37. Determination
of tax obligation for incomes from pensions
Depending on each particular Agreement, pensions
shall be taxed:
a) Only in the State of which the pension recipients
are residents; or
b) Only in the State where pensions are paid; or
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Example 56: Mr. F is a French citizen and
works for private sector in France, when he retires, he lives in Vietnam.
According to Article 17: the pensions, Vietnam-France Agreement, income
from pension received from France will be taxed only in Vietnam irrespective of
any retirement fund of France paying that pension.
Example 57: Mr. M is an Oman citizen and
works for private sector in Oman. During his work, he paid his pension
insurance premiums to the pension insurance fund of Oman Government, at his
retirement; he came to live in Vietnam. According to Clause 2 Article
19: The pension and social insurance payments, Vietnam-Oman Agreement, income
derived from pension paid by this pension insurance fund will be taxed in Oman
only.
Example 58: Mr. M is a resident of Denmark
and works for private sector in Denmark, at his retirement, he lives in
Vietnam. According to Article 18: the pensions and similar amounts,
Vietnam – Denmark Agreement, income from pension derived from Denmark will be taxed
in Vietnam and Denmark if National Law of Denmark provides for imposing tax on
that pension.
The above-said provisions on taxation on
pensions are included in the Article Pensions (usually Article 18) of the
Agreements.
Section 14. INCOME FROM
GOVERNMENT SERVICES
Article 38. Definition of
income from Government services
Under the Agreements, income from Government
services means wages, salaries or pensions paid by the Government, local
authorities of the Contracting State to an Agreement to an individual for the
tasks performed for that Contracting State.
Article 39. Determination
of tax obligation for salaries from Government services
1. In cases where a foreigner sent by the
Government of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam to
work in Vietnam for a Vietnam-based organization of that Government or for a
program of economic, cultural co-operation or aid between the two States, his
salary or wage paid by that foreign Government shall be exempt from income tax
in Vietnam even though such person has become a resident of Vietnam for the
purpose of performing such jobs.
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2. Salaries or wages paid by the Government of
the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam shall only be
taxed in Vietnam if they are paid to an individual being a resident of Vietnam
for the tasks performed for that foreign Government in Vietnam and this
individual satisfies two following conditions:
a) Holding the Vietnamese nationality; or
b) Being a resident of Vietnam before performing
the tasks in Vietnam for the foreign Government.
Example 60: Mr. V is a Vietnamese citizen and
works for JICA office (of Japanese Government) in Vietnam. Income from salary
of Mr. V during working in Vietnam shall be taxed personal income tax in
Vietnam as prescribed in Vietnamese Law on personal income tax (Clause 1.b(i),
Article 19 of Vietnam-Japan Agreement).
Article 40. Determination
of tax obligation for pensions from Government services
A pension paid to an individual from a fund set
up by the Vietnamese State or local authorities (hereinafter collectively
referred to as Vietnamese State) or paid directly by the Vietnamese State, for
his/her past employment, shall only be taxed in Vietnam, unless the above-said
individual is concurrently a resident of the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam and holds the nationality of that Contracting State.
In this case, the above-said individual is resident of the Contracting
State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam and holds nationality of that Contracting
State, the pension of above-said individual shall be taxed in that Contracting
State only.
Example 61: Mr. V is a Vietnamese citizen and
works for Vietnamese Government. At his retirement, he lives in Japan. Then,
the pension due to the employment for Vietnamese Government shall be exempt
from personal income tax in Japan (Clause 2.a, Article 19 of Vietnam-Japan
Agreement).
Example
62: Mr. J is a Japanese citizen and works for Embassy of Vietnam in Japan. At
his retirement, he still lives in Japan. Then, the pension due to the
employment for Vietnamese Government shall be taxed personal income tax in
Japan (Clause 2.b, Article 19 of Vietnam-Japan Agreement).
Article 41. Determination
of tax obligation for salaries, pensions from Government’s business activities
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The above-said provisions on taxation on income
from Government services are included in the Article Government services
(usually Article 19) of the Agreements.
Section 15. INCOME OF
STUDENTS, APPRENTICES AND INTERNS
Article 42. Income of
students, apprentices and interns
Under the Agreements, income of students,
apprentices and interns in Vietnam in service of their education, study or job
training in Vietnam, falling within the scope of regulation of this Article,
only includes:
1. Income received from overseas sources for the
purpose of their learning and maintenance in Vietnam.
2. Income received from their employment in
Vietnam directly related to the education, study or job training in Vietnam (in
the case it is specified in the Agreement). In some Agreements, only a
certain level of this income is exempt from tax.
Article 43. Determination
of tax obligation for income of students, apprentices and interns
If immediately before visiting Vietnam for
education, study or job training, foreign students, apprentices or interns were
residents of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, they
shall be exempt from income tax in Vietnam on the types of income stated in
Article 42.
Example 63: A student, a resident of China,
comes to Vietnam to study folk arts for 4 years. During the time of study in
Vietnam, he receives a monthly scholarship of VND 800,000 from China, a monthly
income of USD 50 from teaching Chinese at a school in Hanoi and a total annual
income of USD 2,500 for participation in Vietnamese folk art performances.
Under the Vietnam- China Agreement (Article 20: Students, apprentices and
interns), this student shall be exempt from income tax on the scholarship and
income from art performance within the limit of USD 2,000; and pay tax on
income from teaching and the amount in excess of USD 2,000 earned from
performances.
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Section 16. INCOME OF
TEACHERS, PROFESSORS, AND RESEARCHERS
Article 44. Definition of
income of teachers, professors, and researchers
Some Agreements specifically provide for the
taxation of income earned by foreign teachers, professors and researchers from
teaching, lecturing, researching activities in Vietnam. This income includes
incomes derived from teaching, lecturing or researching activities at
universities or educational facilities recognized by Vietnamese Government.
Article 45. Determination
of tax obligation for income of teachers, professors, and researchers
1. Income of foreign teachers, professors and
researchers from teaching, lecturing, researching activities in Vietnam
according to Article 44 above will be exempt tax in Vietnam (in duration
specified in Agreement), if the following conditions are satisfied:
- If immediately before visiting Vietnam for
teaching, lecturing, researching activities, foreign teachers, professors and
researchers were residents of the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam, and
- The teaching, lecturing or researching
activities are conducted at universities or educational facilities recognized
by Vietnamese Government.
Example 64. According to linkage program
between a Vietnamese University V and a Philippine University P, from school
year 2012, University P assigned a lecturer to teach in University V for 3
years. This lecturer will be exempt individual income tax in Vietnam for income
from lecturing at University V for 2 years since arriving Vietnam and will pay
individual income tax in Vietnam for income from lecturing in University B for
third year (Clause 1, Article 21: teachers, professors, and researchers,
Vietnam-Philippine Agreement).
2. The above-said tax exemption shall not apply
to teaching or researching activities for the purposes of an individual or a
private organization.
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The above-said provisions on taxation on income
of teachers, professors, and researchers are included in the Article teachers,
professors, and researchers (usually Article 21) of the Agreements.
Section 17. OTHER INCOME
Article 46. Definition of
other income
Under the Agreements, other income means all
other incomes not yet mentioned in the above-said articles, such as income from
lottery win, amounts won from gambling at casinos, financial supports from
familial or marital obligations, etc
Article 47. Determination
of tax obligation for other income
1. Under the Agreements, a resident of the
Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, who derives other
income from Vietnam, shall have to pay tax in accordance with Vietnam’s current
tax law. Nevertheless, in some Agreements (for example, the Vietnam-
France Agreement, the Vietnam-Great Britain Agreement), Vietnam commits to
grant tax exemption for other income in this case.
Example 66: Mr. H is a resident of China and Mr.
P is a resident of France. During a two-week tour in Vietnam, both of them won
a lottery prize of VND 20 million in Hanoi. According to Vietnam’s
personal income tax regulations, this type of income is irregular, so both of
them have to pay tax in Vietnam on this prize. Under the Vietnam-China
Agreement (Clause 2 of Article 22: Other income), Vietnam may tax Mr. H’s
income. Under the Vietnam-France Agreement (Clause 1 of Article 20: Other
income), Mr. P’s income is exempt from tax in Vietnam.
2. In cases where other income is related to a
Vietnam-based permanent establishment of a resident of the Contracting State to
an Agreement concluded with Vietnam, Vietnam is entitled to tax such income in
accordance with the provisions of Vietnam’s current tax law and the provisions
of Section 2- Business income and Section 9 - Income from independent
professional services, Chapter II this Circular, as the case may be.
Example 67. Bank branch V, a Vietnam-based
branch of Japanese bank S, purchases a car of a company in State X and wins a
sale promotion prize worth USD 10,000. This car is used for the business
purpose of branch V. Notwithstanding the internal policy of bank S, which says
that such income must be regarded as income of the headquarters and transferred
into bank S’s account in Japan, the income being this prize shall still be
regarded as actually related to branch V, a Vietnam-based permanent
establishment of bank S in accordance with the Vietnam-Japan Agreement (Clause
2 of Article 21), and, therefore, Vietnam is entitled to tax this income in
accordance with the provisions of Vietnam’s current tax law and the provisions
of Section 2- Business income, Chapter II of this Circular (Article 7 of the
Vietnam-Japan Agreement).
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Chapter III
METHODS FOR ELIMINATION
OF DOUBLE TAXATION IN VIETNAM
Under the Agreements, when a taxpayer being a resident
of Vietnam, derives an income from the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam and has paid tax in that State (under the provisions of
the Agreement and that State’s laws), Vietnam may still tax such income but, at
the same time, it is also obliged to apply methods for elimination of double
taxation so that that taxpayer does not have to pay double tax.
Depending on each concluded Agreement, Vietnam
may apply one or a combination of the following methods for elimination of
double taxation as prescribed in Articles 48, 49, and 50 of this Circular.
Article 48. Tax deduction
method
In cases where a resident of Vietnam derives
income from and has paid tax in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam, if in that Agreement Vietnam commits to apply the tax deduction
method, then, when this resident makes income tax declaration in Vietnam, such
income shall be included in his/her taxable income in Vietnam in accordance
with Vietnam’s current tax law and the tax amount already paid in the
Contracting State shall be deducted from the tax amount payable in Vietnam.
Tax deduction shall comply with the following principles:
a) Tax amount already paid in the Contracting
State shall be deducted from the taxes specified in Agreement;
b) The deducted tax amount shall not exceed the
tax amount payable in Vietnam, which is computed on the income derived in the
Contracting State in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law and also not be
deducted or refunded tax more than the paid tax amount in foreign State;
c) Tax amount already paid in the Contracting
State is the taxes arising in time of taxable year in Vietnam.
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- Determination of Mr. A’s taxable income in
taxable year 2011 (according to Vietnam’s current tax law):
(VND 40,000,000 + VND 80,000,000) = VND
120,000,000
- Determination of Mr. A’s income tax in
taxable year 2011 (according to Vietnam’s current tax law):
(VND 60,000,000 x 5% + VND 60,000,000 x 10%)
= VND 9,000,000
- The tax amount paid in Laos (according to
Laos’ tax law):
VND 80,000,000 x 20% = VND 16,000,000
- The
tax amount calculated according to Vietnam’s law on the income derived in Laos:
VND 9,000,000 : 12 months x 4 months = VND
3,000,000
So, Mr. A is only entitled to the deduction of
VND 3,000,000 from the total tax of VND 16,000,000 already paid on VND
80,000,000 derived from Laos.
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- Determination of the tax amount paid in
Laos (according to Laos’s tax law):
USD 100,000 x 20% = USD 20,000
- Determination of the tax amount payable in
Vietnam (according to Vietnam’s current tax law):
USD 100,000 x 25% = USD 25,000
- The tax amount further payable in Vietnam:
USD 25,000 – USD 20,000 = USD 5,000
Example 70: Using example 69 above, with the
assumption that company V is a joint- venture eligible for an enterprise income
tax rate of 10% in Vietnam. Then, in Vietnam Company V shall make tax
declaration and payment and enjoy a deduction of the tax already paid in Laos
as follows:
- Determination of the tax amount paid in
Laos (according to Laos’s tax law):
USD 100,000 x 20% = USD 20,000
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USD 100,000 x 10% = USD 10,000
- The maximum tax amount to be deductible in
Vietnam: USD 10,000
In this case, company V shall enjoy a
deduction of USD 10,000 from the total tax amount of USD 20,000 already paid in
Laos. The difference of USD 10,000 (USD 20,000 - USD 10,000)
must not be deducted from the income tax on company V’s derived domestically
income and not be forwarded to next year.
Article 49. Method of
deduction of deemed tax
In cases where a resident of Vietnam derives
income from and must pay tax in the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded
with Vietnam (a reduced or exempted tax as a special preference), if, in that
Agreement Vietnam commits to apply the method for deduction of deemed tax, when
this resident makes income tax declaration in Vietnam, such income shall
be included in his/her taxable income in Vietnam in accordance with Vietnam’s
current tax law and the deemed tax amount shall be deducted from the tax amount
payable in Vietnam. The deemed tax amount is the amount which should have
been paid by a resident of Vietnam in the Contracting State to an Agreement
concluded with Vietnam on the income derived from that Contracting State,
which, however, according to that Contracting State’s law, is exempted or
reduced as a special preference.
Tax deduction shall comply with the following
principles:
a) Tax amount already paid in the Contracting
State and deducted must be taxes specified in Agreement;
b) The deducted tax amount shall not exceed the
tax amount payable in Vietnam, which is computed on the income derived in the
Contracting State in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law;
c) Tax amount already paid in the Contracting
State is the taxes arising in time of taxable year in Vietnam.
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- Determination of the deemed tax amount paid
in Uzbekistan (according to Uzbekistan’s tax law):
USD 100,000 x 33% = USD 33,000
- Determination of the tax amount payable in
Vietnam (according to Vietnam’s current tax law):
USD 100,000 x 25% = USD 25,000
So, company Q shall be regarded as having
paid, though in fact being exempted from paying, USD 25,000 (out of a total of
USD 33,000 computed according to Uzbekistan’s tax law before the preference is
granted) and have this tax amount deducted from the tax amount payable in
Vietnam (meaning that it does not have to pay tax in Vietnam).
Article 50. Method of
deduction of indirect tax
1. In cases where a resident of Vietnam derives
an income from the Contracting State to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam,
for which corporate income tax has been paid before it is divided to that
resident, if in the Agreement Vietnam commits to apply the method for deduction
of indirect tax, in making income tax declaration in Vietnam, such income
shall be included in the taxable income in Vietnam in accordance with Vietnam’s
current tax law and the indirect tax amount already paid in the Contracting
State shall be deducted from the tax amount payable in Vietnam.
Nevertheless, in all cases, the deductible tax amount shall not exceed
the tax amount payable in Vietnam, which is computed on the income derived from
abroad in accordance with Vietnam’s current tax law.
The deductible indirect tax amount is the tax amount
already paid by a joint-stock company being a resident of the Contracting State
to an Agreement concluded with Vietnam in that Contracting State in the form of
corporate income tax before the dividend is divided to a resident of Vietnam,
provided that the resident of Vietnam directly controls a minimum percentage
(usually 10%) of the voting right in the joint-stock company.
Example 72: Vietnamese company V invests USD
10,000,000 (equivalent to 20% of the equity) in company N of the Russian
Federation. In 2010, company N earned an income of USD 100,000 and had to
pay tax according to the tax law of the Russian Federation (at the rate of
30%). The after-tax profit of company N was divided to company V
according to its share percentage and taxed in the Russian Federation at the
rate of 10% (Clause 2.a of Article 10: Dividends, the Vietnam-Russian
Federation Agreement). Company V was obliged to pay tax according to
Vietnam’s tax law at the current rate (of 25%). In this case, company V’s
tax declaration and payment and deduction of the indirect tax in Vietnam shall
be as follows:
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USD 100,000 x 20% = USD 20,000
- The enterprise income tax amount already
paid by company N in the Russian Federation on the above-said profit of company
V according to the Russian Federation’s tax law is:
USD 20,000 x 30% = USD 6,000
- The after-tax dividend divided to company V
is:
USD 20,000 – USD 6,000 = USD 14,000
- The tax amount payable by company V in the
Russian Federation on its dividend divided under the Vietnam-Russian Federation
Agreement is:
USD 14,000 x 10% = USD 1,400
- The total tax amount payable by company V in
the Russian Federation (including the direct tax paid by company V on its
dividend and the indirect tax paid by company N, which has investment capital
of company V, on its income) is:
USD 1,400 + USD 6,000 = USD 7,400
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USD 20,000 x 25% = USD 5,000
In this case, company V shall enjoy a maximum
deduction of USD 5,000 out of the total of USD 7,400 already paid in the
Russian Federation. The difference of USD 2,400 (USD 7,400 - USD 5,000)
is not allowed to be deducted from the tax on the domestic income of company V
(if any).
2. Notwithstanding the provision above, under
which Vietnam shall apply the method of deduction of indirect tax only when it
so commits in the Agreements, if, according to Vietnam’s laws, incomes derived
from abroad by residents of Vietnam enjoy deduction of indirect tax, this
provision is still implemented.
Example 73: Using example 41 above with the
assumption that company N’s investment in the Russian Federation is an overseas
direct investment project of company V according to Vietnam’s laws, even when
the investment percentage of company V accounts for less than 10% of the equity
of company N, the methods of deduction of indirect tax shall still be applied
(point 21 Article 7 Chapter II of the Finance Ministry’s Circular No.
123/2012/TT-BTC dated 27/2/2012, guiding the implementation of a number of
articles of Law on Enterprise Income Tax No.14/2008/QH12 and guidelines on
implementation of Decree No.124/2008/ND-CP dated December 11, 2008, Decree
No.122/2011/ND-CP dated December 27, 2011 of the Government detailing the
implementation of a number of articles of Law on Enterprise Income Tax, though
it is not so prescribed in the Vietnam-Russian Federation Agreement (Clause 2
of Article 23: Methods for elimination of double taxation).
Notwithstanding the above-said provisions on
methods for elimination of double taxation, if, according to the provisions of
an Agreement, incomes derived from abroad by residents of Vietnam are exempt
from tax in Vietnam, these incomes shall be exempt from tax and the tax amounts
already paid overseas shall not be deducted (meaning that it shall be taxed
only once and it is not necessary to apply methods for elimination of double
taxation). Example scholarships of foreign students and apprentices during
the time of their study in Vietnam (Section 15: Incomes of students and
apprentices, Chapter II of this Circular)
The above-said provisions on methods for
elimination of double taxation are included in the Article Methods for
elimination of double taxation (usually Article 23) of the Agreements.
Chapter IV
RESPONSIBILITIES AND
POWERS OF COMPETENT AUTHORITIES
Article 51. Competent
authorities
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The General Department of Taxation is authorized
by the Finance Minister to perform the tasks and powers defined in Article 52.
Article 52.
Responsibilities and powers of the General Department of Taxation in
implementation of provisions of Agreements
To implement provisions of Agreements, the
General Department of Taxation is authorized by the Finance Minister to perform
the following tasks and powers:
1. To promulgate documents notifying the entry
into force or termination of effect of each Agreement within the tax service
after the effect notices are issued by the Foreign Ministry;
2. To organize the direction, guidance,
examination and inspection of the Tax Departments, Tax Sub-Departments and
organizations authorized with the collection task in the implementation of the
Agreements;
3. To act as “competent authorities” of Vietnam
to deal with matters related to the Agreements, including:
a) Studying and settling disputes, complaints,
proposals and relevant matters in the course of implementation of the
Agreements with the competent authorities of the Contracting State to the Agreements
concluded with Vietnam through bilateral agreement procedure prescribed in the
Agreements;
b) Exchanging information with foreign tax
authorities, using information supplied by foreign tax authorities and be
responsible for keeping such information secret under the provisions of the
Agreements;
c) Performing measures to support tax
administrative management as prescribed by Agreements and in accordance with
Vietnamese law.
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ORGANIZATION OF
IMPLEMENTATION
Article 53. This Circular takes effect on February 06, 2014, replaces
Circular No. 133/2004/TT-BTC dated December 31, 2004, of the Ministry of
Finance, guiding the implementation of the Agreements on double taxation
avoidance with respect to taxes on income and property between Vietnam and
other countries and in force in Vietnam. Procedures for
applying Agreements shall comply with the Law on tax administration and current
guiding documents.
In the course of implementation, any arising
problems should be reported to the Ministry of Finance for research and
settlement.
FOR THE
FINANCE MINISTER
DEPUTY MINISTER
Do Hoang Anh Tuan