THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH
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THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
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No. 3733/2002/QD-BYT
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Hanoi, October 10, 2002
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DECISION
PROMULGATING 21 LABOR HYGIENE
STANDARDS, 05 PRINCIPLES AND 07 LABOR HYGIENE MEASUREMENTS
THE MINISTER OF HEALTH
Pursuant to the Law on People’s health protection
Pursuant to the Government's Decree No. 68/CP of October 11,
1993 on defining the functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of
the Ministry of Health;
Upon obtaining the consent of the Ministry of Labor, War
Invalids and Social Affairs in the Official Dispatch No. 941/LDTBXH-BHLD of
April 02, 2002; Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the
Official Dispatch No. 0850/PTM-VPGC of April 17, 2002.
At the proposal of the Director of Defensive Medicine
Department – the Ministry of Health
DECIDES:
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1. Twenty one (21) Standards of labor hygiene applicable to
facilities that employ workers.
2. Five (05) principles and seven (07) measurements of
labor hygiene being fundamental guidance for establishing working systems and positions,
working machinery and tools, labor classification.
Article 2. This Decision takes effect after 15 days as from its
promulgation. The
provisions on labor hygiene from section 1 to section 8 in the fourth part
“Provisions on labor hygiene” in the Decision No. 505-BYT/QD on April 13, 1992
of The Minister of Health on promulgating a number of Temporary hygiene
standards are abolished.
Article 3. The Director of Defensive Medicine Department is responsible to organize,
direct and inspect the implementation of this Decision.
Article 4. the Chief officers, the Chief Inspector, the Director of
Defensive Medicine Department – the Ministry of Health, Heads of units
affiliated to the Ministry of Health, the Directors of the Services of Health
of central-affiliated cities and provinces are responsible to implement this
Decision.
FOR THE MINISTER OF HEALTH
DEPUTY MINISTER
Nguyen Van Thuong
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(Promulgated together with the
Decision No. 3733/2002/QD-BYT of The Minister of Health on October 10. 2002)
Part 1: Twenty one (21) standards of labor hygiene
1. Standards of hygienic amenities
2. Standards of hygienic distance
3. Manual labor – Standards of task classification by energy
consumption
4. Manual labor – Standards of task classification by heart
rate
5. Carrying standard – Limited weight
6. Standards of lighting
7. Standards of microclimate
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9. Standards of non-silicon dust
10. Standards of cotton dust
11. Standards of asbestos dust
12. Standards of noise
13. Standards of vibration
14. Standards of static magnetic field - Magnetic flux density
15. Standards of low-frequency magnetic field - Magnetic
flux density
16. Standards of low-frequency electromagnetic field intensity
and static electric field
17. Standards of intensity of electromagnetic field from
30kHz - 300GHz
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19. Standards of radioactivity
20. X-ray radiation – Acceptable limit
21. Chemicals – Acceptable limits in the working air.
Part 2: Five (05) principles and seven (07) measurements of
labor hygiene
1. Principle 1 – Ergonomic design of labor systems
2. Principle 2 – Ergonomic design of labor positions
3. Principle 3 – Ergonomic design of machinery and tools
4. Principle 4 – Work area layout
5. Principle 5 – Work positions with computers
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7. Measurement 2 – Height of work surfaces
8. Measurement 3 – Distance from eyes to things
9. Measurement 4 - View angle
10. Measurement 5 – Footrest
11. Measurement 6 – Lifting height
12. Measurement 7 – Physiological measurements of thermal
strain - Limit values
Part 1
TWENTY ONE (21) STANDARDS OF LABOR HYGIENE
I. STANDARDS OF HYGIENIC AMENITIES
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2. Subjects of application: The facilities that employ workers
(production facilities, business establishments, offices…)
3. Definition
The term is construed as follows:
- Hygienic amenities mean: The hygiene works and general amenities
serving workers at facilities that employ workers.
4. Standards of hygienic amenities
Hygiene facilities
Standard
Scope of application
Latrine pit
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1- 10 people/pit
11- 20 people /pit
21 - 30 people /pit
Facilities with:
1- 100 people
101 - 500 people
Over 500 people
Urinary pit
By shift:
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11- 20 people /pit
21 - 30 people /pit
Facilities with:
1- 100 people
101 - 500 people
Over 500 people
Bathroom
By shift:
1- 20 people /room
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Over 30 people / room
Facilities with:
1- 300 people
301 - 600 people
Over 600 people
Menstrual hygiene room
By shift:
1- 30 females/ room
Over 30 females/ room
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1 - 300 people
Over 300 people
Hand-washing faucet
By shift:
1 - 20 people / faucet
21 - 30 people / faucet
Over 30 people / faucet
Facilities with:
1 - 100 people
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Over 500 people
Emergency clean water faucet
1 - 200 people /faucet
Over 200 people / faucet
Facilities with:
1 - 1,000 people
Over 1,000 people
Clothes storing place
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Facilities employing workers (production facilities,
business establishments, offices…)
Potable water
1.5 liter/person/shift
Facilities hiring workers (production facilities, business
establishments, offices…)
II. STANDARDS OF HYGIENIC DISTANCE
1. Scope of regulation: Minimum distance from the production facility to
residential areas.
2. Subjects of application: These standards are applicable to
facilities separately situated outside processing and exporting zones or
industrial zones that emit toxic substances that harm the environment and human
health.
3. Definition
The term is construed as follows:
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4. Standards of hygienic distance:
4.1. Fuel
4.1.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
a. Producing gas, lighting gas, vapor with production over 50,000
m3/hour.
b. Producing inflammable gas with production over 5,000
ton/year.
c. Conducting petroleum refinery and petrochemistry with
over 0.5% sulphur.
d. Filtering and treating coal
e. Processing fuel slabs.
f. Producing semi-finished products being naphthalene with
production over 2,000 ton/year.
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4.1.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Producing inflammable gas from fossil coal or peat with
production from 5,000 – 50,000 m3/hour.
b. Processing fossil coal powder.
c. Conducting petroleum refinery and petrochemistry with
production under 0.5% sulphur.
d. Producing acetylene from natural gas.
e. Producing inflammable gas with production from 1,000 to
5,000 m3/hour.
f. Processing fluoric gas.
g. Producing acetylene from hydrocarbide
4.1.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
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b. Producing inflammable gas with production under 1,000 m3/year.
c. Producing matches
d. Producing compressed oxygen and hydrogen
e. Being fuel depots.
g. Selling petrol.
h. Storing inflammable and explosive materials.
4.2. Chemicals, fertilizers and rubber
4.2.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
a. Producing nitrogen and nitrogenous fertilizer.
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c. Producing NaOH by electrolysis
d. Producing oil (benzol, toluene, xylol naphthol, phenol
cresol, anthracene, phenantrol, acridine, carbazole)
e. Producing chloride rubber “nairit” in facilities that
produce chlorine.
f. Producing synthetic ethyl ether.
g. Producing methyl ether and ethyl solution.
h. Producing synthetic chemicals.
i. Producing organic and inorganic acid
- Sulfuric acid.
- Hydrochloric
acid
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- Picric acid.
- Flavic, criolit and fluoric salt.
- Aminolenan.
- Xinhin.
j. Producing
- Mercury.
- Arsenic and inorganic compounds with arsenic.
- Chorine.
- Phosphorus.
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- Beryllium.
4.2.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Producing ammonia
b. Producing
- Niobium.
- Tantalum.
- Rare metal using chloridization.
- Baryum chloride using hydrosulphur.
- Industrial grease (hydrogenated by non-electrolyzing
methods).
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d. Producing industrial semi-finished products being aniline
paint from benzene and ether with production over 1,000 ton/year.
e. Producing polyethylene and polypropylene from petroleum
gas.
f. Producing synthetic fatty acid.
g. Producing synthetic rubber.
h. Recycling rubber.
i. Producing rubber, ebonite and rubber paper.
j. Vulcanizing rubber using hydrosulfur.
k. Producing nicotine.
l. Producing phenol formaldehyde and other artificial powder
with production over 300 ton/year.
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n. Vulcanizing rubber using hydrosulfur.
o. Recycling rubber.
p. Producing spray paint.
q. Producing, processing, packing, preserving plant
protection chemicals.
r. Producing phosphate and superphosphate.
s. Producing soap with production over 2,000 ton/year.
4.2.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing glycerine.
b. Producing natural rubber.
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d. Producing plastic being polyvinyl chloride, vinyl, polyurethane foam, spongy
plastic, plastic glass, spyropo.
e. Producing perfume.
f. Vulcanizing rubber without using sulfurcarbon.
g. Producing artificial gems.
h. Producing plastic products or processed from
semi-finished plastic materials.
i. Producing soap with production under 2,000 ton/year.
j. Producing products from synthetic powder, polymer and
plastic using various methods.
4.3. Ferrous metallurgy
4.3.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
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b. Refining cast iron that the total capacity of the blast
furnaces is over 1,500 m3.
c. Producing aluminum by electrolysis
d. Refining steel using open-hearth
furnace method and transitional furnace with production over 1,000,000
ton/year.
e. Producing ferrous alloy.
4.3.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Producing magnesium (by non-chloridizing method).
b. Refining cast iron that the total capacity of the blast
furnaces from 500 to 1,500 m3.
b. Producing cast iron pipe with production over 10,000
ton/year.
d. Refining steel using open-hearth
furnace method, electric furnace and transitional furnace with
production under 1,000,000 ton/year.
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4.3.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing bare cable.
b. Processing cast iron, steel with production under 10,000
ton/year.
c. Producing metal electrodes.
4.4. Non-ferrous metallurgy
4.4.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
b. Re-processing non-ferrous metal with production over
3,000 ton/year.
b. Refining non-ferrous metal directly from ore and refined
ore.
c. Burning non-ferrous metal ore and burned piryte.
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a. Producing non-ferrous metal with production over 2,000
ton/year.
b. Re-processing non-ferrous metal with production from
1,000 to 3,000 ton/year.
c. Producing zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt by electrolyzing
solvent with water.
4.4.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing antimony by electrolysis.
b. Plating with zinc, chrome, nickel
4.5. Building material
4.5.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
a. Producing porland cement, porland slag cements, puzolan
cement with production over 150,000 ton/year.
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4.5.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Producing porland cement, porland slag cements, puzolan
cement with production under 150,000 ton/year.
b. Producing plaster.
c. Producing building materials (stones, sand, gravel).
d. Producing local cement with production under 5,000
ton/year.
e. Producing magnesite lime, dolomitic lime using manual
furnaces.
f. Producing concrete, asphalt.
g. Producing glass wool and slag wool.
h. Producing asphalt paper.
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a. Producing fibro-cement and flagstones
b. Producing artificial stones and products from concrete.
c. Casting stones.
d. Producing products from ceramics and fireproof products.
e. Producing glass.
f. Producing building materials using scrap from
thermo-electric power plants.
g. Producing products from porcelain.
h. Producing plaster products.
i. Producing products from clay.
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4.6. Treating timber and forest products
4.6.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
- a. Producing charcoal not using the pyrolytic method.
4.6.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Seasoning timber.
a. Producing charcoal by pyrolysis.
4.6.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing wood fiber.
b. Cutting wood; producing plywood and wooden furniture.
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d. Producing materials from sedge, grass, straw, laminate.
e. Producing products from wood fiber (shavings laminate,
wood fiber laminate, wood fiber cement laminate).
f. Producing sedge cloth.
g. Producing wooden furniture, coffins, floor timber.
h. Building wooden ships and boars.
4.7. Textile and garment
4.7.1. A distance of 500m for facilities:
Producing textile and thread using chemicals to treat,
bleach and dye.
4.7.2. A distance of 100m for facilities:
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4.8. Cellulose and paper
4.8.1. A distance of 1,000m for facilities:
- Producing cellulose by sulphide acid, bisulphide acid and
monosulphid acid methods that burn sulphur.
4.8.2. A distance of 500m for facilities:
- Producing fenylaldehyt cloth, paper coils and laminates with
production over 100 ton/year.
4.8.3. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing fenylaldehyt cloth, paper coils and laminates with
production under 100 ton/year.
b. Producing various kinds of paper and cardboard, products
from wood, bamboo, cellulose without using liquified sulfur gas.
4.9. Tanning leather and products from leather and
leatherette
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- Producing leatherette using dusty soluble organic
substances.
4.9.2. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing leatherette using polyvinylchloride and other
powders without using dusty soluble organic substances.
b. Tanning cattle
4.10. Food
4.10.1. A distance of 500m for facilities:
a. Being cattle farm with over 1,000 head.
b. Being slaughterhouse that process fish (fat, oil, fin).
c. Being facilities taking fat from sea animals.
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e. Being station for rinsing and cleaning the carriages
after carrying cattle.
f. Being sugar plants.
g. Being fishery facilities.
4.10.2. A distance of 100m for facilities:
a. Producing albumin.
b. Producing wine.
c. Grinding, producing cattle feed.
d. Producing meat and freezing meat.
e. Treating coffee.
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g. Producing vegetable butter.
h. Being fruit factories.
i. Producing dextrin, sugar, honey.
j. Boiling cheese.
k. Canning fish, processing fish with waste-recycling
workshops, fish factory-chains.
l. Producing powder, alcohol and seasoning.
m. Producing cigarettes using yeast.
n. Producing acetone butyl.
o. Producing beer (together with malt and yeast).
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q. Being fruit depots.
r. Producing sugar lumps.
s. Producing noodles.
t. Producing smoked fish.
u. Producing milk and butter (from animals).
v. Producing sausage with production over 3 ton/shift.
w. Producing sweet with production of 20,000 ton/year or
above.
x. Producing bread.
y. Processing food.
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aa. Freezing food with capacity over 600 ton.
bb. Producing fruit wine.
cc. Producing fruit juice.
dd. Producing Cognac.
ee. Rolling cigarettes, hatched and dried tobacco.
4.11. Hygiene technical constructions and public
amenities
4.11.1. A distance of 1,000m for:
a. Yards for storing and classifying rubbish (solids and
liquids) and scrap.
b. Ash pile that stinks or discomposing waste pile.
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a. Rubbish recycling and burning plants.
b. Hygienic waste burial yards.
c. Rubbish classification yards.
d. Industrial waste burial yards.
e. Parking yard of means of waste transport.
f. Reservoir for sewage from cities and town, sewage
treatment zones.
g. Graveyards
h. Depots for recyclable materials.
4.11.3. A distance of 100m for:
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III. MANUAL LABOR – STANDARDS OF TASK CLASSIFICATION BY
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
1. Scope of regulation: These standards are applicable to dynamic labor tasks
(that release apparent energy) These standards do not apply to static labor tasks
(that does not release apparent energy).
2. Subjects of application The workers at facilities that employ workers.
3. Definition
The terms in these standards are construed as follows:
- Energy consumption: is the amount of energy being used during
the operation or the idle period. Usually represented in watt (W), kilocalorie
per minute or per hour (Kcal/minute or Kcal/hour) or Kcal/kg of body
weight/minute, or Kcal/minute/m2 of body area.
- Energy consumption by netto: Is the energy consumption while
working or resting excluding fundamental metabolism.
- Energy consumption by brutto: Is the energy consumption while
working or resting including fundamental metabolism.
4. Standards of classification
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Class
Brutto energy consumption
(Kcal/Kg/minute)
Male
Female
Light
Medium
Heavy
Very heavy
Extremely heavy
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< 0.062
0.062 – 0.080
0.080 – 0.127
0.127 – 0.160
0.160 – 0.200
> 0.20
< 0.050
0.050 – 0.065
0.065 – 0.095
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0.125 – 0.155
> 0.155
IV. MANUAL LABOR – STANDARDS OF TASK CLASSIFICATION BY HEART
RATE
1. Scope of regulation: These standards are applicable to the labor tasks
(that release apparent energy) in environments of which the temperature does
not exceed 320C. These standards do not apply to static labor tasks
(that does not release apparent energy).
2. Subjects of application The workers at facilities that employ workers.
3. Definition
The term in these standards is construed as follows:
- Labor heart rate is the heart rate being monitored
while the subject has been working at least 3 minutes.
4. Standards of classification
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Heart rate (beat/minute)
Light
Medium
Heavy
Very heavy
Extremely heavy
Maximum
< 90
90 - 100
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120 - 140
140 - 160
>160
Note: The labor heart rate may be extrapolated from the heart rate of the
first recovery minute multiplied with 1.14.
V. CARRYING STANDARDS – LIMITED WEIGHT
1. Scope of regulation: These standards specify the maximum carrying weight
for each load of a person that have adapted to strenuous manual labor while
doing regular or irregular carrying jobs.
2. Subjects of application: the workers at facilities employing
workers.
3. Limit values:
Norm
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Male
Female
Regular carrying jobs
Irregular carrying jobs
40
20
30
15
VI. LIGHTING STANDARDS
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2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers. These standards are not applicable
to outdoor workplaces.
3. Cited standards
The values specified in these standards are recommendations
in ISO 8995-1998 and equivalent to TCVN 3743 – 83.
4. Acceptable values
The minimum light intensity for the works is prescribed in
Table 1. The maximum value must not exceed 5,000 lux for filament bulbs and 10,000
lux for fluorescent lamps.
Table 1: Light intensity
Kind of interior/work
Class of work
Light intensity (lux)
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Incandescent lamps *
Indoor shared areas
Ventilation area, corridor
D - E
50
30
Staircase, elevator
C - D
100
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Locker room, restroom
C - D
100
50
Warehouse
D - E
100
50
Assembly workshops
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C - D
200
100
Medium tasks, car assembly
B - C
300
150
Precision works, electronics assembly
A - B
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250
Precision works, tool assembly
A - B
1,000
500
Chemicals
Automated processes
D - E
50
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Uncrowded production area
C - D
100
50
Shared interior
C - D
200
100
Laboratory
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300
200
Medicine preparation
C - D
300
200
OTK
A - B
500
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Colorimetry
A - B
750
400
Producing rubber pad
A - B
300
150
Garment industry
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A - B
500
250
OTK
A - B
750
375
Ironing
A - B
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150
Electricity industry
Cable production
B - C
200
100
Telephone network installation
A - B
300
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Line installation
A - B
500
250
Radio assembly
A - B
750
400
Extreme precision assembly of electronic components
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1,000
500
Food industry
Shared working area
C - D
200
100
Automated processes
D - E
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75
Manual processing, OTK
A - B
300
200
Casting industry
Casting workshop
D - E
150
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Raw casting, core casting
C - D
200
100
Precision casting, core making, OTK
A - B
300
200
Glass and ceramics industry
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D - E
100
50
Casting, molding, mixing room
C - D
200
100
Finishing, glazing, polishing
B - C
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150
Coloring, decorating
A - B
500
250
Grinding glass, precision works
A - B
750
400
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Production area without manual work
D - E
50
30
Production area with occasional manual work
D - E
100
50
Fixed workplace in the factory
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300
150
Supervision place and OTK
A - B
300
200
Leather industry
Share working area
B - C
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100
Molding, cutting, sewing, producing shoes
A - B
500
250
Quality testing, classifying, comparing
A - B
750
400
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Unfixed works
D - E
150
75
Manual works, non-manual works, welding
C - D
200
100
Non-manual works with automated machines
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300
150
Precision works, working with machines, precise machines,
machine testing
A - B
500
250
Extremely precise works, measurement, OTK, complicated
details
A - B
1,000
...
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Painting and coloring
Immersion painting, spraying raw paint
D - E
200
100
Usual painting, spraying and finishing
A - B
500
250
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A - B
750
400
Paper industry
Producing paper and cardboard
C - D
200
100
Automated production
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150
75
OTK, classification
A - B
300
150
Printing and bookbinding
Printer room
C - D
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150
Editing and reading room
A - B
500
250
Precise testing, revising, acid carving
A - B
750
375
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A - B
1,000
500
Carving steel and copper
A - B
1500
750
Bookbinding
A - B
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150
Typesetting, embossing
A - B
500
250
Textile industry
Ornamenting
D - E
200
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Spinning thread, coiling, winding, dyeing
C - D
300
150
Spinning small thread, weaving
A - B
500
250
Sewing, OTK
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750
375
Carpentry workshop
Sawing area
D - E
150
75
Sitting works, assembly
C - D
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100
Comparing, selecting wood
B - C
300
150
Finishing, OTK
A -B
500
250
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Shared rooms
A - B
300
150
Professional planning room
A - B
500
250
Graphic room
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500
250
Conference room
A - B
300
150
Shops
General lighting at shops
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Big shopping malls
B - C
500
250
Small shops
B - C
300
150
...
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B - C
500
250
School
General lighting
A - B
300
150
Office
...
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300
150
Briefing room
A - B
300
150
Display room
A - B
500
...
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Laboratory
A - B
300
150
Art display room
A - B
300
150
Hall
...
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150
75
Hospital
Areas
General lighting
A - B
...
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30
Diagnosis room
A - B
200
100
Reading room
A - B
150
100
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A - B
3
Diagnosis room:
General lighting
A - B
...
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150
Localized diagnosis
A - B
750
375
Intensive treatment
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A - B
30
20
Observation place
A - B
200
100
Workplaces of nurses
A - B
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100
Surgery room
General lighting
A - B
500
250
...
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A - B
10,000
5,000
Automated examination room
General lighting
A - B
...
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250
Spot lighting
A - B
5,000
2.500
Pharmaceutical and test room
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A - B
300
150
Spot lighting
A - B
500
250
Consultancy room
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General lighting
A - B
300
150
Spot lighting
A - B
500
250
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- A: Works that require extreme precision
- B: Works that require high precision
- C: Works that require precision
- D: Works that require mediocre precision
- E: Works that require little precision
* For places that use both fluorescent lamps and
incandescent lamps, the incandescent lamp intensity shall prevail
VII. MICROCLIMATE STANDARDS
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the temperature, humidity, air
speed, heat radiation intensity.
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3. Cited standards
The value specified in these standards are equivalent to
TCVN 5508 - 1991
4. Acceptable values
Table 1: Requirements of temperature, humidity, air
speed, heat radiation intensity.
Time (season)
Work
Air temperature(0C)
Air humidity (%)
Air speed (m/s)
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Max
Min
Cold season
Light
Medium
Heavy
20
18
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80 or under
0.2
0.4
0.5
35 when more than 50% of the human body surface is exposed
70 when more than 25% of the human body surface is exposed
Hot season
Light
Medium
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34
32
30
80 or under
1.5
100 when less than 25% of the human body surface is
exposed
For each measurement:
The temperature must not exceed 320C. The
production area must not be hotter than 370C.
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The relative humidity: 75 - 85%.
The wind speed must not exceed 2m/s.
The heat radiation intensity: 1 cal/cm2/minute.
Table 2: Acceptable limits by Yaglou thermal index
Kind of work
Light
Medium
Heavy
Continuous work
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26.7
25.0
50% working, 50% at rest
31.4
29.4
27.9
25% working, 75% at rest
33.2
31.4
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VIII. STANDARDS OF SILICON DUST
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the limited concentration of the
dust that contains silicon dioxide (SiO2).
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Cited standards
The value specified in these standards are equivalent to
TCVN 5509 - 1991
4. Limit values:
4.1. The maximum acceptable concentration of dust by
particle
Table 1: The maximum acceptable concentration of dust
by particle
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Silicon content (%)
Overall dust concentration (particle/cm3)
Respiratory dust concentration
(particle/cm3)
By shift
By time
By shift
By time
1
...
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200
600
100
300
2
From over 20 to 50
500
1,000
250
...
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3
From over 5 to 20
1,000
2,000
500
1,000
4
From 5 and fewer
1,500
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800
1,500
4.2. The maximum acceptable concentration of dust by
weight
Table 2: The maximum acceptable concentration of dust
by weight
Group of dust
Silicon content (%)
Overall dust concentration (mg/m3)
Respiratory dust concentration
(mg/m3)
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By time
By shift
By time
1
100
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.3
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From over 50 to under 100
1,0
2.0
0.5
1.0
3
From over 20 to 50
2.0
4.0
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2.0
4
From 20 and fewer
3.0
6.0
2.0
4.0
IX. STANDARDS OF NON-SILICON DUST
1. Scope of regulation:
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2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ
workers.
3. Limit values:
Table 1: The maximum acceptable concentration of
non-silicon dust
Kind
Substance
Overall dust concentration (mg/m3)
Overall dust concentration
(mg/m3)
1
Activated carbon, aluminum, bentonite, diatomite,
graphite, kaolin, pyrite, talcum powder
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1
2
Bakelite, coal, ferric oxide, zinc oxide, titanium
dioxide, silicate, apatite, beryl, phosphatide, limestone, pearlite, marble, portland cement
4
2
3
Dust of herb, animal: tea, tobacco, wood dust, cereal dust
6
3
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Organic and inorganic dust not belonging to kind 1, 2, 3
8
4
X. STANDARDS OF COTTON DUST
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the limited concentration of dust of
cotton and artificial cotton.
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Limit values:
The maximum acceptable concentration of cotton dust
(sampling for 8 hours): 1 mg/m3
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1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the acceptable values of vocational
exposures to every kind of asbestos dust belonging to the Serpentine
(Chrysotile) group in the air of the production area.
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that workers.
3. Limit values:
Table 1: The acceptable values of vocational exposures to asbestos dust
No.
Substance
In 8 hours (fiber/ml)
In 1 hour (fiber/ml)
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Serpentine (Chrysotile)
0.1
0.5
2
Amphibole
0
0
XII. STANDARDS OF NOISE
1. Scope of regulation:
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2. Subjects of application: Every facility that employs
workers.
3. Cited standards
The acceptable values specified in these standards are
equivalent to TCVN 3985 - 1999
4. Acceptable levels
4.1. The continuous noise level equivalent to Leq dBA at workplaces
must not exceed 85 dBA in 8 hours.
4.2. If the time of exposure to the noise reduces by 50%, the acceptable noise
level may increases 5 more dB.
For 4 hours of exposure, 5 dB increased, the acceptable
level is 90 dBA
2 hours
95 dBA
1 hour
100 dBA
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15 minutes
110 dBA
< 15 minutes
115 dBA
The maximum loudness is 115 dBA.
Only exposure to noise under 80 dBA is acceptable for
the remaining time of the working day .
4.3. The acceptable noise pressure level for noise under 5 dB compared
to the values specified in section 4.1, 4.2.
4.4. In order to achieve the productivity at various working positions,
the noise pressure level at such places must not exceed the values in the below
table.
Table 1: The noise pressure level at working positions
Work positions
Limit of noise level or the equivalent
(dBA)
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63
125
250
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
8,000
1. Working areas of workers, places with workers in
workshops and factories
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99
92
86
83
80
78
76
74
2. Monitoring and remote control rooms without telephone,
laboratories, computer rooms with noisy equipment.
...
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94
87
82
78
75
73
71
70
3. Monitoring and remote control rooms with telephone,
coordination room, precision assembly room, typing room..
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87
79
72
68
65
63
61
59
4. Functional, administrative, accounting, planning,
statistics rooms.
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83
74
68
63
60
57
55
54
5. Mental working, designing, researching, statistics,
programming, figure processing rooms and theoretic laboratory
...
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75
66
59
54
50
47
45
43
XIII. STANDARDS OF VIBRATION
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These standards specify the acceptable vibration levels of
chairs, working floors, control devices and tool handles that produces
vibration affecting the workers during the production.
2. Subjects of application: Every facility that employ workers.
3. Cited standards
These standards are equivalent to TCVN 5127 - 90
4. Acceptable rate
The vibration levels at the working places must not exceed
the values specified in Table 1, 2, 3.
Table 1: Vibration of working floors and chairs
Frequency band (Hz)
Acceptable vibration velocity (cm/s)
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Horizontal vibration
1 (0.88 – 1.4)
12.6
5.0
2 (1.4 – 2.8)
7.1
3.5
4 (2.8 – 5.6)
2.5
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8 (5.6 – 11.2)
1.3
3.2
16 (11.2 – 22.4)
1.1
3.2
31.5 (22.4 - 45)
1.1
3.2
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1.1
3.2
125 (90 - 180)
1.1
3.2
250 (180 - 355)
1.1
3.2
Table 2: Vibration of control devices
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Acceptable vibration velocity (cm/s)
Vertical vibration
Horizontal vibration
16 (11.2 – 22.4)
4.0
4.0
31.5 (22.4 - 45)
2.8
2.8
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2.0
2.0
125 (90 - 180)
1.4
1.4
250 (180 - 355)
1.0
1.0
Table 3: Vibration of the tool handles
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Acceptable vibration velocity (cm/s)
Correction coefficient k0*
8 (5.6 – 11.2)
2.8
0.5
16 (11.2 – 22.4)
1.4
1
31.5 (22.4 - 45)
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1
63 (45 - 90)
1.4
1
125 (90 - 180)
1.4
1
250 (180 - 355)
1.4
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500 (355 - 700)
1.4
1
1,000 (700 - 1400)
1.4
1
* The correction coefficient k0 is used
for calculating the corrective vibration velocity VhD (or total
vibration velocity)
The acceptable corrective vibration velocity must not exceed
4 cm/s in 8 hours
The acceptable VhD by time:
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7 hours – 4.2 cm/s
3 hours – 6.5
cm/s
6 hours – 4.6 cm/s
2 hours – 8.0 cm/s
5 hours – 5.0 cm/s
1 hours – 11.3 cm/s
< 0.5 hours under 16 cm/s
XIV. STANDARDS OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD - MAGNETIC FLUX
DENSITY
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the acceptable levels of magnetic
flux density of static magnetic field in working environments affected by the
static magnetic field.
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Definition
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- Medical equipment: is the medical equipment aiding the physiological functions
such as pacing systems.
4. Acceptable levels
Table 1: Acceptable levels of magnetic flux density
of static magnetic field.
Subjects of application
8 hours of exposure
Maximum limit
Entire body
60 mT (600G)
2 T (2.104G)
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600 mT (6000G)
5 T (5.104G)
Attached medical equipment
-
0.5 mT (5G)
XV. STANDARDS OF LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD - MAGNETIC
FLUX DENSITY
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the acceptable levels of magnetic
flux density of low-frequency magnetic field at work areas.
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
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The terms in these standards are construed as follows:
- Low
frequency: are frequencies from 30 KHz and lower.
4. Acceptable levels
Table 1: The acceptable levels of vocational
exposures to low-frequency magnetic field
Frequency band
Acceptable level
Acceptable value 60/f
Maximum level
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- f: the frequency of electric current (in Hz)
XVI. STANDARDS OF INTENSITY OF LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTRIC FIELD
AND STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the acceptable levels of magnetic
flux density of low frequency magnetic field at working areas.
2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Acceptable levels
Table 1: Acceptable levels of intensity of electric
field below 30 KHz.
Frequency band
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100Hz - 4kHz
4kHz - 30kHz
Maximum value
25kV/m
(2,5 x 106)/f
625V/m
- f: the frequency of electric current (in Hz)
XVII. STANDARDS OF INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD FROM 30KHz -
300GHz
1. Scope of regulation:
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2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Acceptable levels
Table 1a: Acceptable levels of intensity of
electromagnetic field from 30KHz-300MHz.
Frequency
Electromagnetic field intensity (E)
(V/m)
Magnetic field intensity (H)
(A/m)
Average value of E, H over a
period (second)
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50
5
30
1.5MHz - 3MHz
50
5
30
3MHz - 30MHz
20
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30
30MHz - 50MHz
10
0.3
30
50MHz - 300MHz
5
0.163
30
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Frequency
Energy density (W/cm2)
Acceptable exposure duration in 1
day
Notes
300MHz - 300GHz
< 10
1 day
10 - 100
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The energy density must not exceed 10 W/cm2
for the rest.
100 - 1,000
< 20 minutes
Table 2: Acceptable values of contacting current and
inductive current.
Maximum current (mA)
Frequency
Through 2 feet
Through each foot
Contact
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2000f
1,000f
1,000f
100kHz - 100MHz
200
100
100
- f: the frequency of high-frequency electric current (in Hz)
XVIII. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION – ACCEPTABLE LEVELS
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2. Subjects of application: the facilities that employ workers.
3. Definition
The terms in these standards are construed as follows:
- Near-ultraviolet spectrum: are light waves of which the
wavelengths range from 315nm
- 400nm.
4. Acceptable levels
- The acceptable values of exposure to ultraviolet radiation
that damage skin or eyes where the radiation values are known and the exposure
durations are controlled:
4.1. Unprotected bare eye exposures to near-ultraviolet spectrum:
a. For duration < 103 seconds, the radiation
exposure must not exceed 1,0 J/cm2.
b. For duration ≥103 seconds, the total radiation
energy must not exceed 1.0 mW/cm2.
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Table 1: Acceptable levels of ultraviolet radiation and spectral weighting function
in 8 hours.
Wavelength (nm)
Acceptable levels (mJ/cm2)
Spectrum intensity coefficient (S)
180
250
0.012
190
160
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200
100
0.030
205
59
0.051
210
40
0.075
...
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32
0.095
220
25
0.120
225
20
0.150
230
...
...
...
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0.190
235
13
0.240
240
10
0.300
245
8.3
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250
7.0
0.430
254
6.0
0.500
255
5.8
0.520
...
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4.6
0.650
265
3.7
0.810
270
3.0
0.1
275
...
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0.960
280
3.4
0.880
285
3.9
0.770
290
4.7
...
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295
5.6
0.540
297
6.5
0.460
300
10
0.300
...
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25
0.120
305
50
0.060
308
120
0.026
310
...
...
...
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0.015
313
500
0.006
315
1.0 x 103
0.003
316
1.3 x 103
...
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317
1.5 x 103
0.0020
318
1.9 x 103
0.0016
319
2.5 x 103
0.0012
...
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2.9 x 103
0.0010
322
4.5 x 103
0.00067
323
5.6 x 103
0.00054
325
...
...
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0.00050
328
6.8 x 103
0.00044
330
7.3 x 103
0.00041
333
8.1 x 103
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335
8.8 x 103
0.00034
340
1.1 x 104
0.00028
345
1.3 x 104
0.00024
...
...
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1.5 x 104
0.00020
355
1.9 x 104
0.00016
360
2.3 x 104
0.00013
365
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0.00011
370
3.2 x 104
0.000093
375
3.9 x 104
0.000077
380
4.7 x 104
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385
5.7 x 104
0.000053
390
6.8 x 104
0.000044
395
8.3 x 104
0.000036
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1.0 x 105
0.000030
Table 2: Acceptable levels of ultraviolet radiation.
Exposure duration/day
Effective radiation
Eeff (W/cm2)
8 hours
0.1
4 hours
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2 hours
0.4
1 hour
0.8
30 minutes
1.7
15 minutes
3.3
10 minutes
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5 minutes
10
1 minute
50
30 seconds
100
10 seconds
300
1 second
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0.5 second
6,000
0.1 second
30,000
XIX. STANDARDS OF RADIOACTIVITY
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the acceptable values of doses and
levels of radioactive substances and radioactive rays at workplaces.
2. Subjects of application: These standards are applicable to
people that directly or indirectly work with ionizing radiation. The general
residents are not regulated.
3. Definition
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- Ionizing radiation, as known as radioactivity, are all
kinds of radiations (electromagnetic and particle radiation) that creates ions
when interacting with the environment.
- Radiation bases: are places that use radiation sources
such as:
+ X-ray devices, -ray emitters
+ Sources of closed radiation such as: Radium 226, cobalt,
Strontium 90.
+ Sources of open radiation such as: I-131, P-32, U-238,
Th-232.
- External radiation: radiation from a source outside the
body.
- Internal radiation: radiation from a source inside
the body.
- Equivalent dose: is the equivalent dose for a period
of time (Rem/hour).
Rem: Roentgent equivalent in man.
- Control zone: is the contiguous zones around the
radiation bases or the radioactive gas discharge pipe
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4. Cited standards
- These standards are equivalent to TCVN 4397 - 87
5. Acceptable doses
The equivalent dose at working positions of the
radiation bases must not exceed the values specified in Table 1.
Table 1: Acceptable equivalent dose
Radiated subjects
Workplace
P (mrem/h) with t 40h/week
Subject A
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- Workplaces under 20h/week
1.2
2.4
Subject B
- In other working rooms within the control zone
- In supervision zones
0.12
0.03
Notes: Subject A: Radiation worker
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5.2. The
limited doses in a year (for both internal and external radiation) of the
radiated subjects and the vital organs are specified in Table 2:
Table 2: Limited dose in a year
Human subject
Limited dose for vital organs
(rem/year)
Group I
Group II
Group III
A
5
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30
B
0.5
1.5
3
Notes:
- Group I: whole-body, gonads, bone marrow.
- Group II: Organs outside Group I and III
- Group III: Skin, tissue, bones, hands, legs, feet, ankles
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5.4. The radioactive contamination levels of surfaces at
workplaces and protective instruments are specified in Table 5.
5.5. The total accumulative doses of Subject A at any age over
18 are calculated by the formula:
D 5 (N - 18)
- D: Dose (in Rem).
- N: Age (in year).
If necessary, the accumulative dose may reach 12 rem/year,
but then must be offset in 5 years so that the total dose would not exceed D.
Table 3: The limited air density of nuclides of which the compositions
are totally or partly unknown (Ci/l)
The composition of radioactive
nuclide mixtures that contaminate through the respiratory tract
Subject A
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Unknown composition
4 x 10-16
1 x 10-17
The composition does not contain Cm-248
8 x 10-16
3 x 10-17
The composition does not contain: PA-231, Pu 239, Pu-240.
Pu 242, Cm-248, Cf-249, Cf-251
2 x 10-15
5 x 10-17
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4 x 10-15
1 x 10-16
The composition does not contain any alpha radiation and Ac-227
2 x 10-14
8 x 10-16
The composition does not contain any alpha radiation and Pb-210.
Ac-227, Ra-228, Pu-241
2 x 10-13
8 x 10-15
The composition does not contain any alpha radiation and Sr-90.
I-192, Pb-210. Ac-227, Ra-228, Pa-230. Pu-241, Bk-249
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8 x 10-13
Table 4: The limited density of radioactive substances in
the working air
No.
Radioactive nuclide
Form in compounds
Limited density in the working air Ci/l
No.
Radioactive nuclide
Form in compounds
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Subject A
Subject B
Subject A
Subject B
1
H-3(T)
Insoluble Soluble
2.0x10-6
4.8x10-9
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1.6x10-10
31
Co-57
Soluble
Insoluble
1.6x10-11
5.5x10-12
2
C-14
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3.5x10-9
1.2x10-10
32
Co-58
Soluble
Insoluble
5.6x10-11
1.9x10-12
3
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Soluble
Insoluble
2.6x10-9
8.7x10-11
33
Co-60
Soluble
Insoluble
8.8x10-12
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4
Na-22
Soluble
Insoluble
8.4 x10-12
2.9x10-13
34
Ni-63
Soluble
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6.4x10-11
2.2x10-12
5
Na-24
Soluble
Insoluble
1.4x10-10
4.9x10-12
35
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Soluble
Insoluble
1.0x10-9
3.6x10-11
6
P-32
Soluble
Insoluble
7.2x10-11
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36
Zn-65
Soluble
Insoluble
6.0x10-11
2.6x10-12
7
S-35
Soluble
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3.6x10-11
1.2x10-12
37
As-74
Soluble
Insoluble
1.2x10-10
4.2x10-12
8
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Soluble
Insoluble
2.3x10-11
7.8x10-13
38
Se-75
Soluble
Insoluble
1.2x10-10
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9
K-42
Soluble
Insoluble
1.1x10-10
3.7x10-12
39
Br-82
Soluble
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1.9x10-10
6.4x10-12
10
Ca-43
Soluble
3.2x10-11
1.1x10-12
40
...
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Soluble
Insoluble
6.8x10-11
2.3x10-12
11
Ca-47
Insoluble
1.7x10-10
5.8x10-12
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Sr-89
Soluble
2.8x10-11
9.4x10-13
12
Cr-51
Soluble
Insoluble
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7.7x10-11
42
Sr-90
Soluble
1.2x10-12
4.0x10-14
13
Mn-52
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Insoluble
1.4x10-10
4.8x10-12
43
Y-90
Soluble
Insoluble
1.0x10-10
3.5x10-12
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Mn-54
Soluble
Insoluble
3.6x10-11
1.2x10-12
44
Zr-93
Soluble
Insoluble
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4.4x10-12
15
Fe-55
Soluble
Insoluble
8.4x10-10
2.9x10-11
45
Tc-99m
...
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Insoluble
1.4x10-9
4.8x10-10
16
Fe-59
Soluble
Insoluble
5.2x10-11
1.8x10-12
...
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Tc-99
Soluble
Insoluble
6.0x10-11
2.1x10-12
17
Mo-99
Soluble
Insoluble
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6.9x10-12
47
Au-198
Soluble
Insoluble
2.4x10-10
8.0x10-12
18
In-113m
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Insoluble
6.8x10-9
2.3x10-10
48
Hg-197
Soluble
Insoluble
1.2x10-9
4.0x10-11
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Sb-124
Soluble
Insoluble
1.9x10-11
6.6x10-13
49
Hg-203
Soluble
Insoluble
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2.5x10-12
20
I-125
Soluble
4.8x10-12
1.6x10-13
50
TI-201
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Insoluble
8.8x10-10
3.0x10-11
21
I-126
Soluble
3.6x10-12
1.2x10-13
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Pb-210
Soluble
Insoluble
6.0x10-14
2.0x10-13
22
I-129
Soluble
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2.7x10-14
52
Po-21
Soluble
Insoluble
9.3x10-14
3.1x10-15
23
I-131
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4.2x10-12
1.5x10-13
53
Ra-226
Soluble
Insoluble
2.5x10-14
8.5x10-18
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Cs-131
Soluble
Insoluble
1.0x10-8
3.6x10-10
54
Th-232
Soluble
Insoluble
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2.5x10-14
25
Cs-134m
Soluble
Insoluble
6.0x10-9
2.0x10-10
55
U-235
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Soluble
Insoluble
6.0x10-14
26
Cs-134
Soluble
Insoluble
1.3x10-11
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56
U-238
Soluble
Insoluble
6.3x10-14
2.2x10-15
27
Cs-137
Soluble
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1.4x10-14
4.9x10-13
57
Am-241
Soluble
Insoluble
3.0x10-15
1.0x10-16
28
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Soluble
Insoluble
3.5x10-10
1.2x10-11
58
Cm-244
Soluble
Insoluble
46x10-15
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29
La-140
Soluble
Insoluble
1.2x10-10
4x10-12
59
Cf-252
Soluble
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3.2x10-15
1.1x10-16
30
Ir-192
Soluble
Insoluble
2.6x10-11
8.7x10-13
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Notes: Other specifications of the radioactive nuclides in
this Table can be found in "Safety Norm of ionizing radiation” TCVN
4397-87
Table 5: Contamination levels of surfaces (particle/cm2/minute)(1)
Contaminated subject
Nuclide emitting alpha particle
Nuclide emitting beta particle
(4)
Special nucleus(2)
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Skin, towel, internal clothes, inner side of the front
side of personal safety instruments.
1
1
100
Primary safety outfit, inner side of additional safety
instruments
5
20
800
Surface of rooms with regular workers, outer side of
additional safety instrument in these rooms.
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20
2,000
Surface of machinery rooms without regular workers, outer
side of additional safety instrument in these rooms.
50
200
8,000
Means of transport, outer side of containers and wrap of
radioactive substances in the control zones(3).
10
10
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Notes:
(1) For surfaces of working rooms, equipment, means of
transport, containers, wrap, the contamination level is determined using dry
cleaning method according to the non-sticky contamination amount (cleanable). For
other cases, the contamination levels are determined by the total contamination
level (non-sticky and sticky)
(2) Special nuclides are nuclides that emit alpha particles
with acceptable density in the working air being 1.10-14 Curi/liter.
(3) The radioactive contamination on the outer side of the
radioactive substance container and means of transport are not allowed outside
the control zone.
(4) For Sr-90. Sr-90 + Y-90, the acceptable contamination
level is 5 times lower. The tritium contamination is not regulated because it
is controlled by the content in the air and in the body.
XX. X-RAY RADIATION – ACCEPTABLE LEVELS
1. Scope of regulation:
These standards specify the requirements for radiation
safety of medical X-ray facilities.
2. Subjects of application: medical X-ray facilities.
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The terms in these standards are construed as follows:
- Medical X-ray facilities are medical facilities using X-ray
devices for medical examination and treatment.
4. Cited standards
These standards are equivalent to TCVN 6561-1999
5. Acceptable levels
5.1. Limited doses
Table 1: Acceptable doses in a year
Kind of dose and subjects of
application
Radiation worker
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Other people
Systemic effective dose
20mSv
6mSv
1mSv
Equivalent dose for crystalline lens
150mSv
50mSv
15mSv
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500mSv
150mSv
50mSv
Lounge and waiting room
1mSv
Notes: - The doses when working with X-ray do not include natural background
radiation.
- Doses for special cases are specified in the Annex
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Location
Dose (Sv/h)
- Directly radiated workers
10.0
- Film development room
0.50
- Patient waiting room or lounge
0.50
- Working rooms and workplaces of employees
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- The outer side X-ray machine
0.50
5.2. Limited doses in special cases
5.2.1. Effective doses for radiation worker: 20mSv, averagely sampled in 5
consecutive working years. The dose may reach 50mSv in a single year but the
average dose in 5 years must not exceed 20mSv/year.
The effective dose for radiation workers is 20mSv/year being
averagely sampled in 10 consecutive working years and the dose in any single
year does not exceed 50mSv.
When the accumulative effective dose of a radiation worker
reaches 100mSv, it must be reconsidered. If his/her health is still normal
without manifestation of radioactive impacts, the blood formula is still
unchanged etc., the work may continue.
5.2.2. Effective doses for other people: The dose may reach 5 mSv in a single
year but the average dose in 5 consecutive years must not exceed 1 mSv/year The
layout, sizes and radiation protection methods are specified in the Annex.
5.3. Location of a X-ray facility
The X-ray facility must be isolated from paediatrics,
obstetrics, crowded areas etc, especially the tenements.
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Each X-ray facility must contain at least the following
rooms:
- The patient waiting room or lounge,
- The X-ray machine room,
- The film development room,
- The working room or place of radiation workers.
5.4.1. The Patient waiting room or lounge:
- The patient waiting room (or lounge) must be separated
from the X-ray room. The limited dose in this room must not exceed 1mSv/year.
5.4.2. The X-ray machine room must satisfy the following
requirements:
- Convinient for the installation and operation, safe for
the patients to moves. The minimum area is 25 m2, the minimum width
is 4.5 m, the minimum height is 3m for an ordinary X-ray machine.
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Table 3: The minimum size of working rooms for medical X-ray
machines
Work
Room area
Minimum side length
- (CT scanner room)
+ 2-dimension
+ 3-dimension
28 m2
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4 m
4 m
- X-ray room for teeth
12 m2
3 m
- X-ray room for breast
18 m2
4 m
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30 m2
4.5 m
- X-ray machine with signal contrast medium
36 m2
5.5 m
- Automated dark room
7 m2
2.5 m
- Non-automated dark room
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2.5 m
- If the room design for new machines recommended by the
producer is smaller than the above measurements, the consent of competent State
agencies is compulsory.
- The thickness of the walls, the ceiling, the floor and the
doors of the X-ray machine room must be calculated and designed in accordance
with specifications of the equipment (voltage, current intensity), operation
duration and the outer occupation coefficient of the X-ray room.
- The minimum height of the vents and windows of the X-ray
room where people pass by is 2 m from the floor outside the X-ray room.
- The radiation signal light must be put at the eye level outside
the door of the X-ray room. The signal light must glow throughout the radiation
emission of the machine.
- The X-ray machine installation must ensure that the X-ray
beam is not emitted toward the door or places with many people, and the eyes
must be protected from the radiation sources. The shield height must be over 2m
from the floor, the minimum width is 90cm and the corresponding thickness is
1.5mm of lead.
- For rooms with 2 X-ray machines, only 1 is allowed to
operate at a time.
- The control panel is put inside or outside the X-ray room
depending on the machine itself. There must be lead glass for observing the
patient. The limited dose at the control panel must not exceed 20 mSv/year
(excluding natural background radiation).
5.4.3. The film development room (the dark room):
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- The dose in the dark room must not affect the film
development. The undeveloped film must not be radiated over 1 mSv/year,
excluding natural background radiation.
- The dark room door must not be directly radiated.
- The cassette pass box in the X-ray room must be covered
with 2 mm lead.
5.4.4. The working room (or place) of radiation workers:
- The working room (or place) of radiation workers must be
separated from the X-ray room. The doses in the room must not exceed 1 mSv/year,
excluding natural background radiation.
XXI. CHEMICALS – ACCEPTABLE LIMITS IN THE WORKING AIR
1. Scope of regulation
These standards specify the maximum acceptable density of a
number of chemicals in the working air.
2. Subjects of application
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These standards are not applicable to the air in residential
areas.
3. Limit values
Table 1: Limit values of chemicals in the air at working
areas
No.
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Average value in 8 hours (mg/m3)
(TWA)
Maximum value at a time (mg/m3)
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1
Acrolein
CH2CHCHO
0.25
0.50
2
Acrylic amide
CH2CHCONH2
0.03
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3
Acrylonitrile
CH2CHCN
0.5
2,5
4
Allyl acetate
C5H8O3
-
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5
Ammonia
NH3
17
25
6
Amyl acetate
CH3COOC5H11
200
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7
Phthalic anhydride
C8H4O3
2
3
8
Aniline
C6H5NH2
4
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9
Antimony
Sb
0.2
0.5
10
ANTU
C10H7NHC(NH2)S
0.3
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11
Arsenic and compounds
As
0.03
-
12
Arsine
AsH3
0.05
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13
Asphalt
5
10
14
Acetone
(CH3)2CO
200
...
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15
Acetone cyanohydrin
CH3C(OH)CNCH3
-
0.9
16
Acetonitrile
CH3CN
50
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17
Acetylene
C2H2
-
1,000
18
2, 4 - D (Dichloro - phenoxyacetic acid)
Cl2C6H3OCH2COOH
5
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19
2, 4, 5 - T (Trichloro - phenoxyacetic acid)
C6 H2Cl3OCH2COOH
5
10
20
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
25
...
...
...
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21
Boric acid and compounds
H2BO3
0.5
1
22
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
5
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
23
Formic acid
HCOOH
9
18
24
Methacrylic acid
C4H6O2
50
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
25
Nitrous acid
HNO2
45
90
26
Nitric acid
HNO3
5
...
...
...
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27
Oxalic acid
(COOH)2.2H2O
1
2
28
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
1
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
29
Picric acid
HOC6H2(NO2)3
0.1
0.2
30
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
1
...
...
...
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31
Thioglycolic acid
C2H4O2S
2
5
32
Trichloroacetic acid
C2HCl3O2
2
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
33
Azinphos methyl
C10H12O3 PS2N3
0.02
0.06
34
Aziridine
H2CNHCH2
0.02
...
...
...
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35
Silver
Ag
0.01
0.1
36
Silver compounds
như Ag
0.01
...
...
...
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37
Barium oxide
BaO2
0.6
6
38
Benomyl
C14H18N4O3
5
...
...
...
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39
Benzene
C6H6
5
15
40
Benzidine
NH2C6H4C6H4NH2
0.008
...
...
...
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41
Benzonitrile
C7H5N
-
1
42
Benzopyrene
C20H12
0,0001
...
...
...
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43
(o, p) Benzoquinone
C6 H4O2
0.4
1,0
44
Benzotrichloride
C7H5 Cl3
-
...
...
...
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45
Benzoyl peroxide
C14H10O4
-
5
46
Benzylchloride
C6H5CH2 Cl
-
...
...
...
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47
Beryllium and compounds
Be
-
0.001
48
Polychlorinated biphenyls
C12H10-xCx
0.01
...
...
...
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49
Boron trifluoride
BF3
0.8
1
50
Bromine
Br2
0.5
...
...
...
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51
Bromoethane
C2H5Br
500
800
52
Bromomethane
CH3Br
20
...
...
...
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53
Bromine pentafluoride
BrF5
0.5
1
54
1,3-Butadiene
CH2CHCHCH2
20
...
...
...
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55
Butyl acetate
CH3 COO[CH2]3 CH3
500
700
56
Butanols
CH3(CH2)3 OH
150
...
...
...
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57
Octa decanoic acid, cadmium
C36H72O4Cd
0.04
0.1
58
Cadmium and compounds
Cd
0.01
...
...
...
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59
Carbondioxide
CO2
900
1800
60
Carbon disulfide
CS2
15
...
...
...
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61
Carbonmonoxide
CO
20
40
62
Carbontetrachlorie
CCl4
10
...
...
...
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63
Carbofuran
C17H15O3N
0.1
-
64
Carbonyl fluoride
COF2
5
...
...
...
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65
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
10
-
66
Calcium chromate
CaCrO4
0.05
...
...
...
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67
Calcium hydroxyde
Ca(OH)2
5
-
67
Calcium oxide
CaO
2
...
...
...
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69
Calcium silicate
CaSiO3
10
-
70
Calcium sulfate dihydrate
CaSO4.2H2O
6
...
...
...
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71
Calcium cyanamide
C2CaN2
0.5
1.0
72
Caprolactam (dust)
C6H11NO
1
...
...
...
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73
Caprolactam (fume)
C6H11NO
20
-
74
Captan
C9H8 Cl3NO2S
5
...
...
...
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75
Carbaryl
C10H7O O CNHCH3
1
10
76
Catechol
C15H14O6
20
...
...
...
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77
Lead tetraethyl
Pb(C2H5)4
0.005
0.01
78
Lead and compounds
Pb
0.05
...
...
...
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79
Chlorine
Cl2
1.5
3
80
Chloroacetaldeh-yde
ClCH2CHO
3
...
...
...
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81
Chlorine dioxide
ClO2
0.3
0.6
82
Chloroacetophe-none
C6H5COCH2Cl
0.3
...
...
...
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83
Chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
100
200
84
1- Chloro - 2,4 -dinitro - benzene
C6H3ClN2O4
0.5
...
...
...
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85
Chloronitrobenzene
C6H4ClNO2
1
2
86
Chloroprene
CH2CClCHCH2
30
...
...
...
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87
1- Chloro 2 - propanone
C3H5ClO
-
3
88
Chloroform
CHCl3
10
...
...
...
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89
Chloropicrin
CCl3NO2
0.7
1.4
90
3-Chloropropene
C2H5Cl
1
...
...
...
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91
Chlorotrifluoroethy-lene
C2ClF3
-
5
92
Cobalt and compounds
Co
0.05
...
...
...
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93
Cresol
C7H8O
5
10
94
Chromium trioxide
CrO3
0.05
...
...
...
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95
Chromium (III) compounds
Cr+3
0.5
-
96
Chromium (VI) compounds
Cr+4
0.05
...
...
...
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97
Chrom (VI) compound (water soluble)
Cr+6
0.01
-
98
Crotonaldehyde
CH3CHCHCHO
5
...
...
...
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99
Cumene
C6H5CH(CCH3)2
80
100
100
Mineral (mist)
5
...
...
...
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101
Petroleum distillates (naphta)
1600
-
102
Turpentine
C10H16
300
...
...
...
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103
Vegetable oil mist
10
-
104
Diamino 4, 4’-diphenyl methane
NH2C6H4C6H4NH2
-
...
...
...
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105
Dimethyl - 1, 2 - dibromo - 2,2 - dichlorethyl phosphate
(Naled)
(CH3O)2POOCHBrCBrCl2
3
6
106
Rubber solvent
1570
...
...
...
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107
Stoddard solvent (White spirit)
525
108
Soapston
3MgO.4SiO2.H2O
3
...
...
...
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109
Soapstone
3MgO.4SiO2.H2O
6
-
110
Decalin
C10H18
100
...
...
...
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111
Demeton
C8H19O3PS2
0.1
0.3
112
Diazinon
C12H21N2O3PS
0.1
...
...
...
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113
Diborane
B2H6
0.1
0.2
114
1,2 - Dibromo - 3 chloro - propane
C3H5Br2Cl
0.01
...
...
...
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115
Dibutyl phthalate
C6H4(CO2C4H9)2
2
4
116
Dichloroacetylene
ClCCCl
0.4
...
...
...
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117
Dichlorobenzene
C6H4Cl2
20
50
118
Dichloroethane
CH3CHCl2
4
...
...
...
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119
1,1- Dichloroethylene
C2H2Cl2
8
16
120
Dichloroethylene (1,2; Cis; Trans)
C2H2Cl2
790
...
...
...
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121
Dichloromethane
CH2Cl2
50
100
122
1,2- Dichloropropan
C3H6Cl2
50
...
...
...
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123
Dichloropropene
C3H4Cl2
5
-
124
Dichlorostyrene
C8H6Cl2
50
...
...
...
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125
Dichlorvos
(CH3O)2PO2CHCCl2
1
3
126
Dicrotophos
C8H16NO5P
0.25
...
...
...
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127
Dimethylamine
C2H7N
1
2
128
Dimethyl formamide
(CH3)2NCHO
10
...
...
...
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129
1,1 Dimethyl hydrazine
(CH3)2 NNH2
0.2
0.5
130
Dimethyl phenol
C8H10O
-
...
...
...
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131
Dimethyl sulfate
(CH3)2SO4
0.05
0.1
132
Dimethyl sulfoxide
C2H6OS
20
...
...
...
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133
Dinitrobenzene
C7H6N2O4
-
1
134
Dinitrotoluene (DNT)
C6 H5CH3(NO2)2
1
...
...
...
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135
Dioxathion
C12 H26O6P2S4
0.2
-
136
Diquat Dibromide
C12 H12N2.2Br
0.5
...
...
...
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137
1,4-Dioxane
OCH2CH2OCH2CH2
10
-
138
Copper (dust)
Cu
0.5
...
...
...
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139
Copper (fume)
Cu
0.1
0.2
140
Copper compounds
Cu
0.5
...
...
...
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141
Endousulfan
C9H6Cl6O3S
0.1
0.3
142
2, 3 - Epoxy 1 - propanol
C3H6O2
1
...
...
...
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143
EPN (o - ethyl - o - paranitrophenyl - phosphonothioate)
C18H14NO4PS
0.5
-
144
Ethanolamine
NH2C2H4OH
8
...
...
...
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145
Diglycidyl ether
C6H10O3
0.5
-
146
Chloroethyl ether
C4H8Cl2O
-
...
...
...
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147
Chloromethyl ether
(CH2Cl)2O
0.003
0.005
148
Ethyl ether
C2H5OC2H5
1,000
...
...
...
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149
Isopropyl glycidyl ether
(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2
200
300
150
Resorcinol monomethyl Ether
C7H8O2
-
...
...
...
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151
Ethylamine
CH3CH2NH2
18
30
152
Ethylene
C2H4
1,150
...
...
...
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153
Ethanethiol
(Ethylmercaptan)
C2H5SH
1
3
154
Ethylene dibromide
BrCH2 CH2Br
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
-
155
Ethylene glycol
10
20
156
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
...
...
...
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125
157
Ethylene glycol dinitrate
C2H4(O2NO)2
0.3
0.6
158
Ethylene oxide
C2H4O
...
...
...
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2
159
Perchloroethylene
C2Cl4
70
170
160
Ethylidene norbornene
C9H12
...
...
...
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20
161
Fensulfothion
C11H17O4PS2
0.1
-
162
Fenthiol
C10H15O3PS2
...
...
...
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-
163
Fluorine
F2
0.2
0.4
164
Fluorides
...
...
...
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2
165
Formaldehyde
HCHO
0.5
1
166
Formamide
HCONH2
...
...
...
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30
167
Furfural
C4H3OCHO
10
20
168
Furfuryl alcohol
C5H6O2
...
...
...
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40
169
Coal Tar pitch volatiles
-
0.1
170
Halothane
C2HBrClF3
...
...
...
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24
171
Mekuran (mixture of ethylmer cuirc chloride and lindane)
0.005
-
172
Heptachlor (iso)
C10H5Cl7
...
...
...
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1,5
173
Heptan
C7H14
800
1,250
174
Hexachlorobenzene
C6Cl6
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
0.9
175
Hexachloro 1,3-butadiene
C4Cl6
-
0.005
176
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - hexachloro-cyclohexane
C6H6Cl6
...
...
...
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-
177
Hexachlorocyclopen-tadiene
C5Cl6
0.01
0.1
178
Hexafluoroacetone
(CF3)2CO
...
...
...
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0.7
179
Hexafluoropropene
C6F6
-
5
180
n - Hexane
C6H6
...
...
...
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180
181
Hyrazine
H4N2
0.05
0.1
182
Hydrocarbons (1 - 10 C)
...
...
...
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300
183
Hydrogen fluoride
HF
0.1
0.5
184
Hydrogen phosphide
H3P
...
...
...
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0.2
185
Hydrogen selenide
H2Se
0.03
0.1
186
Hydrogene sulfide
H2S
...
...
...
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15
187
Hydrogen cyanide
HCN
0.3
0.6
188
Hydroxydes (alkaline) (Alkali hydroxide)
...
...
...
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1
189
Hydroquinone ( 1,4 - Dihydroxybenzene)
C6H6O2
0.5
1.5
190
Iodomethane
CH3I
...
...
...
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2
191
Iodoform
CHI3
3
10
192
Iodine
I2
...
...
...
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2
193
Isopropyl glycidyl ether
(CH3)2C2H2O(CH3)2
240
360
194
Isopropyl nitrate
C3H7NO2
...
...
...
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40
195
Potassium cyanide
KCN
5
10
196
Welding fumes
...
...
...
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-
197
Petroleum gas (liquefied)
1800
2250
198
Zinc chloride
ZnCl2
...
...
...
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2
199
Zinc Chromate
CrO4Zn
0.01
0.03
200
Zinc fluoride
F2Zn
...
...
...
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1
201
Zinc oxide (dust, fume)
ZnO
5
10
202
Zinc phosphide
P2Zn3
...
...
...
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0.1
203
Zinc stearate (inhalable dust)
Zn(C18H35O2)2
10
20
204
Zinc stearate (respirable dust)
Zn(C18H35O2)2
...
...
...
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-
205
Zinc sulfide
ZnS
-
5
206
Camphor
C10H16O
...
...
...
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6
207
Magnesium oxide
MgO
5
10
208
Malathion
C10H19O6PS2
...
...
...
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-
209
Manganese and compounds
Mn
0.3
0.6
210
Methallyl chloride
C4H7Cl
...
...
...
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0.3
211
Methane thiol
CH4S
1
2
212
Methoxychlor
Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2
...
...
...
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20
213
Methyl acrylate
CH2CHCOOCH3
20
40
214
Metyl acrylonitrile
CH2C(CH3)CN
...
...
...
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9
215
2 - Methyl aziridine
C8H16N2O7
5
-
216
Methylamine
CH5N
...
...
...
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24
217
Methyl acetate
CH3COOCH3
100
250
218
Methyl ethyl keton
C4H8O
...
...
...
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300
219
2 - Methyl furan
C5H6O
-
1
220
Methyl hydrazine
CH3NHNH2
...
...
...
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0.35
221
Methyl mercaptan
CH3SH
1
2
222
Methyl methacrylate
CH2C(CH3)COOCH3
...
...
...
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150
223
Methyl silicate
C4H12O4Si
-
6
224
Mevinphos
C7H13O6Pi
...
...
...
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0.3
225
Monocrotophos
C7H14NO5P
0.25
-
226
Ferric salt (as Fe)
...
...
...
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2
227
Carbon black
C
3.5
7
228
Naled
(CH3O)2P(O) OCHBrCBrCl2
...
...
...
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6
229
Naphthalene
C10H8
40
75
230
Chlorinated naphthalenes
...
...
...
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0.6
231
Sodium bisulfite
NaHSO3
5
-
232
Sodium borate
Na2B4O7
...
...
...
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TVPL Pro Membership to see English documents.
-
233
Sodium cyanide
NaCN
5
10
234
Sodium fluoroacetate
FCH2COONa
...
...
...
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0.1
235
Sodium metabisulfite (Disodium pyrosulfite)
Na2S2O5
5
-
236
Sodium azide
NaN3
...
...
...
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0.3
237
Neoprene
C4H5Cl
10
30
238
Aluminum and compounds
Al
...
...
...
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4
239
Nicotine
C10H14N2
0.5
1
240
Nickel and compounds (soluble)
Ni
...
...
...
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0.25
241
Nickel monoxide
NiO, Ni2O3
0.1
-
242
Nickel carbonyl
C4NiO4
...
...
...
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0.02
243
Nitrogen dioxide
NO2 và N2O4
5
10
244
Nitrogen monoxide
NO
...
...
...
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20
245
Nitrogene trifluoride
NF3
30
45
246
Nitrobenzene
C6H5NO2
...
...
...
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6
247
1- Nitrobutane
CH3(CH2)3NO2
-
30
248
Nitro ethane
C2H5NO
...
...
...
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-
249
Nitromethane
CH3NO2
30
-
250
1-Nitropropane
CH3(CH2)2NO2
...
...
...
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60
251
Nitrotoluene
CH3C6H4NO2
11
22
252
Glycerol trinitrate (Nitroglycerine)
CH2NO3CHNO3CH2NO3
[C3H5(NO3)3]
...
...
...
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1
253
2-Nitropropane
CH3(CH2)2NO2
18
-
254
Octane
C10H22
...
...
...
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1,400
255
Osmium tetroxide
OsO4
0.002
0.003
256
Ozone
O3
...
...
...
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0.2
257
Paraquat
(CH3(C5H4N)2CH3).2Cl
0.1
0.3
258
Parathion
(C2H5O)2PSOC6H4NO2
...
...
...
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0.1
259
Pentaborane
B5H9
0.01
0.02
260
Pentachlorophenol
C6Cl5OH
...
...
...
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0.4
261
Perchloryl fluoride
ClO3F
14
25
262
Phenol
C6H5OH
...
...
...
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8
263
Phenyl hydrazine
C6H5 NHNH2
1
2
264
Phenyl isocxyanate
C7H5NO
...
...
...
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0.05
265
Phenylene diamine
C6H8N2
0.1
0.2
266
Phenyl phosphine
C6H7P
...
...
...
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0.25
267
Phorate
(C2H5O)2P(S)SCH2S-C2H5
0.05
0.2
268
Phosgene
COCl2
...
...
...
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0.4
269
Phosphine
PH3
0.1
0.2
270
Phosphorus(White, yellow)
P4
...
...
...
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0.1
271
Phosphoruos oxy chloride
POCl3
0.6
1.2
272
Phosphorus trichloride
PCl3
...
...
...
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2
273
Phosphorous pentachloride
PCl5
1
2
274
Picloram (iso)
...
...
...
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20
275
Propoxur
CH3NHCOOC6H4OCH(CH3)2
0.5
1.5
276
n-Propylacetat
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
...
...
...
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600
277
-Propiolactone
C3H4O2
1
2
278
Propylenimine
C3H7N
...
...
...
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5
279
Pyrenthrin
C21H28O3
5
10
280
Pyridine
C5H5N
...
...
...
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10
281
Quinone
C6H4O2
0.4
12
282
Resorcinol (1,3 - Dihydroxybenze)
C6H6O2
...
...
...
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90
283
Allyl alcohol
CH2CHCH2OH
3
6
284
Ethanol
CH3(CH2)OH
...
...
...
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3,000
285
Furful alcohol
C5H6O2
20
40
286
Methanol
CH3OH
...
...
...
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100
287
n - Amyl alcohol
CH3(CH2)4OH
100
200
288
Propanol
CH3(CH2)2OH
...
...
...
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600
289
Propargyl alcohol
HCCCH2OH
2
6
290
Rotenone (Derris)
C23H22O6
...
...
...
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10
291
Paraffin wax
1
6
292
Ferric oxide (dust, fume)
Fe2O3
...
...
...
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10
293
Iron carbonyl
C5FeO5
0.08
0.1
294
Selenium and compounds
Se
...
...
...
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1
295
Selenium dioxide
O2Se
-
0.1
296
Stibine
SbH3
...
...
...
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0.4
297
Strychnine
C21H22N2O2
0.15
0.3
298
Selenium hexafluoride
SeF6
...
...
...
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-
299
Silane
H2Si
0.7
1.5
300
Stearates
...
...
...
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-
301
Styrene
C6H5CH CH2
85
420
302
Sulfur chloride
S2Cl2
...
...
...
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10
303
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
5
10
304
Sunfuryl fluoride
F2SO2
...
...
...
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40
305
Sulfur tetrafluoride
SF4
0.4
1
306
Tellurium
Te
...
...
...
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-
307
Tellurium hexafluoride
F6Te
0.1
-
308
Tetrachloroethylene
C2CL4
...
...
...
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-
309
1,1,7,7 Tetrachloroheptane
C7H12Cl4
-
1
310
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
C8H20O7P2
...
...
...
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0.2
311
Tetralin
C10 H12
100
300
312
Tetramethyl succinonitrile
(CH3)2C2(CN)2(CH3)2
...
...
...
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6
313
Tetranitromethane
CH3(NO2)4
8
24
314
Tin (organic)
Sn
...
...
...
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0.2
315
Tin (inorganic)
Sn
1
2
316
Tin oxide
SnO2
...
...
...
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-
317
Thionyl Chloride
Cl2OS
5
-
318
Benzenethiol
C6H6S
...
...
...
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-
319
Mercury compounds (organic)
Hg
0.01
0.03
320
Titanium
Ti
...
...
...
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-
321
Thiram
(CH3)2 (SCSN)2 (CH3)2
5
10
322
Tobacco (dust)
...
...
...
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5
323
Mercury and compounds (inorganic)
Hg
0.02
0.04
324
Titanium dioxide (respirable dust)
TiO2
...
...
...
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-
325
Titanium dioxide (inhalable dust)
TiO2
6
10
326
Toluene
C6H5CH3
...
...
...
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300
327
Toluene diisocyanate
C9H6N2O2
0.04
0.07
328
(m-, o-, p-) Toluidine
CH3C6H4NH2
...
...
...
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1
329
Tribromometan
CHBr3
5
15
330
Tributyl phosphate
C12H27O4P
...
...
...
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5
331
Trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3
10
20
332
Trichloroethylene
C2HCl3
...
...
...
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40
333
Trinitrobenzene
C6H3(NO2)3
-
1.0
334
Trichloro nitrobenzene
C6H2Cl3NO2
...
...
...
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1.0
335
2, 4, 6 - Trinitrotoluene
CH3C6H2(NO2)3
0.1
0.2
336
Tritolyl phosphate
C21H21O4P
...
...
...
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0.2
337
Uranium and compounds
U
0.2
-
338
Vanadium penta oxide
V2O5
...
...
...
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0.1
339
Vanadium
V
0.5
1.5
340
Vinyl acetate
CH2CHOOCCH3
...
...
...
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30
341
Vinyl bromide
CH2CBr
20
40
342
Vinyl chloride
C2H3Cl
...
...
...
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5
343
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (930)
C8H12O2
60
120
344
Warfarine
C19H16O4
...
...
...
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0.2
345
Wofatox
C8H10NO5PS
0.1
0.2
346
Petrol (Petrol distillates, gazonline)
...
...
...
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-
347
Cellulose (inhalable dust)
10
20
348
Cellulose (respirable dust)
...
...
...
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-
349
Cesium hydroxide
CsOH
2
-
350
Cyanogene
NCCN
...
...
...
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20
351
Xyanogene chloride
ClCN
0.3
0.6
352
Cyanides
CN(K, Na)
...
...
...
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0.6
353
Cyclohexane
C6H12
500
1,000
354
Cychlohexanol
C6H11OH
...
...
...
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200
355
Xylene
C6H4(CH3)2
100
300
356
Xylidine
(CH3)2C6H3NH2
...
...
...
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10
Part 2:
FIVE (05) PRINCIPLES AND SEVEN (07) MEASUREMENTS OF
LABOR HYGIENE
I. PRINCIPLE 1 – ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF LABOR SYSTEMS
1. Scope of regulation
The ergonomic principles for designing labor systems in
order to create optimum work conditions, ensure the safety, comfort and human
health, technical and economic efficiency.
2. Subjects of application: the labor systems in facilities that
employ workers (production facilities, business establishments, offices…)
3. Definition:
The terms in these principles are construed as follows:
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3.2. Labor system: including humans and labor
equipment, working together during the work process, performing the labor
duties at working areas, in labor environment under the compulsory conditions
of the labor duties.
3.3. Labor duty: is an expected result of the labor
system.
3.4. Labor equipment: tools, machinery, vehicles and other
machinery, devices or components used in the labor system.
3.5. The labor process: the continuation in time and space
of the mutual impacts of humans, labor equipment, materials, energy and
information within the labor system.
3.6. Labor space: the acceptable capacity for one or
many people in the labor system to fulfill the labor duty.
3.7. The labor environment: the cultural, social, biological,
chemical and physical factors around a person within his/her working space.
3.8. Labor stress (or external burden): every labor condition and external
requirement for the labor system that negatively affect the human psychology
and/or physiology.
3.9. Labor anxiety (or internal reaction): are impacts of labor stress on a
person depending on his/her personal characteristics and abilities.
3.10. Labor fatigue:
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4. General principles
4.1. Working space design and labor equipment
a. Designs related to the body sizes:
The designs of the working space and equipment must depend
on the human body sizes and the labor process. The working space must be
adapted to the workers.
b. Posture:
- The worker may alternate between standing and sitting postures.
If the worker must choose one, the sitting posture is usually preferred. The
standing posture may be required depending on the work process.
- The postures must not cause labor fatigue due to extensive
static muscular tension. The postures are interchangeable.
c. Muscle endurance:
- The requirement of muscle strength must be compatible to
the worker’s physical condition.
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- The extensive static tension of a muscle group must be
avoided
d. The body movements:
- The movements must be balanced. The movement is more
preferred than extensive static positions.
- The movement that require high precision must not demand
considerable muscle strain.
- The movement must be made and combined easily using
compatible control equipment.
e. The signs, monitors and control panel.
- The signals and monitors must be selected, designed and
set up appropriately for the human sensory features, in particular:
+ The features and quantity of the signals and monitors must
be appropriate for the information characteristics.
+ For clear information reception in places with many
monitors, the monitors must be placed in order to achieve clear, firm and quick
orientation. They might be arranged by function or technical process or
importance and use frequency of special information.
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+ The extensive activities in which the observation and
supervision prevail, the overloading or underloading impacts must be avoided by
designing and arranging the signals and monitors.
f. Control panels:
- Kinds, designs and arrangement of the control panels
corresponding to the control are carried out depending on the human
characteristics including natural and conditioned reflexes.
- The movement or static position of the control panel must
be chosen depending on the control, the anthropometry and biomechanics.
- The functions of control panels must be recognizable.
- If there are multiple control panels at the same place,
they must be clearly set up in order to ensure safe and quick operation. This
may be carried out similarly to that of the signals by grouping by functions of
the process in which they are used etc.
- The emergency control panel must be safely covered in
order to avoid accidental activation.
4.2. Labor environment designs
Depending on the labor system, the following measurement
must be noticed:
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- The clean air must be regulated depending on the following
factors:
+ The quantity of people in a room,
+ The demand for manual labor,
+ The workshop size (including the labor equipment)
+ The emission of pollutants in a room,
+ The thermal conditions
- The light must be sufficient
The lighting must ensure optimum visions for the required
activities. The following measurements must be noticed:
+ The luminance.
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+ The light distribution.
+ The unwanted reflection and glare.
+ The contrast between the color and the reflection.
+ The worker age.
- The room and labor equipment colors must be selected
depending on their impacts on the reflection distribution, the structure and
quality of the field of view, the safety color perception.
- The negative or irritable impacts of noise, including the noise
from external sources in auditory work areas must be prevented.
- The vibration and impacts on humans must not exceed the
limit in order to avoid physical harm, physiological reaction, sickness or sensorimotor
disorder.
- The exposure of the workers to dangerous material and hazardous
radiation must be avoided.
- For outdoor works, the workers must be appropriately
protected from negative impacts of the climate, e.g. cold, heat, wind, rain
resistance etc.
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- The labor process must be designed in order to protect
human health and safety, create comfort and ease the jobs, especially by avoid
overload and underload. The overload and underload due to crossing the upper
and lower limit of the mental and physical function scale. For example:
+ The physical burden and sensory burden that cause fatigue.
+ The underload burden or labor monotony may reduce
vigilance.
- Apart from the above factor, the mental and physical
stress also depend on the contents and the recurrence of the tasks and the
control of humans throughout the work process.
- Taking measures for improving the work process quality.
For example:
+ Only one worker performs a number of consecutive tasks of
the same work instead of a few workers (work extension).
+ Only one worker performs a number of consecutive tasks of
the different works instead of a few workers (work variety).
+ Changing works. For example: alternating the voluntary
works among the workers on the same assembly line or in one autonomous team.
+ Organized or unorganized breaks.
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+ The change in the insomnia and the work ability in day and
night.
+ The difference in work ability among the workers and the
variance in ages.
+ The personal abilities.
II. PRINCIPLE 2 – ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF WORKING LOCATIONS
1. Scope of regulation
The ergonomic principles for designing working positions in
every business line in order to create optimum work conditions, ensure the
safety, comfort and human health, technical and economic efficiency.
2. Subjects of application: every working position
3. Definition:
The terms in these principles are construed as follows:
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- The
reaching zone of the motion range is part of the working position, limited by the arc created
by a stretched arm’s movement around the shoulder joint.
- The easy reaching zone of the motion range is part of the
working position, limited by the arc created by a stretch arm’s movement around
the shoulder joint (where the control equipment is regularly used).
- The optimum reaching zone of motion range is part of
the working position, limited by the arc created by a stretch arm’s movement
around the elbow joint (where the control equipment is always used).
4. General principles of ergonomics
- The working position must be adapted to each kind of work,
to the ability, to the mental and physical characteristics of the worker.
- The working position must be designed on the basis of the
analysis of the human work process with particular equipment, basing on the
anthropometrical measurements, the mental and physical characteristics of the
worker and the assessment of hygienic conditions of the work.
- The working area arrangement includes: calculating the
sizes basing on the anthropometrical measurements, selecting the appropriate
working zone, surface, comfortable working posture and reasonably designing,
arranging the equipment.
- The machinery and equipment must be suitable for the
mental and physical characteristics of the worker (especially the
anthropometrical and biomechanical characteristics).
- Arranging labor in the production premises in an optimum
way including safe and adequate passages.
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- The noise and vibration from the working positions or
other sources must not exceed the acceptable standards.
- The necessary measures for protecting workers from the
impact of dangerous and toxic factors (physical, chemical, biological,
psychological and physiological factors) during the production must be taken.
- The measures for preventing and reducing workers’ fatigue,
psychological stress and other negative impacts must be taken.
5. Principles for working position arrangement:
- The working location arrangement must ensure that the task
is performed within the accessible zone of the motion range.
- There are 3 kinds of accessible zones of the motion range.
* Reaching zone
* Easy reaching zone
* Optimum reaching zone
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- The requirements for the vision from the working location
must be satisfied.
- The information display zones must be optimized (display
devices, signboards, signals…) for the worker to receive information
efficiently.
- The height of working surfaces, the distance from eyes to
the observed objects, the view angle, footrest space must be sufficient.
- The size and height of the chair must be convenient for
changing the working posture. The chair must not be to deep. The distance from
the chair surface to the table surface must not be lower than 270 - 300mm.
III. PRINCIPLE 3 – ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF MACHINERY AND TOOLS
1. Scope of application
The ergonomic principles for designing machinery and tools
in every business line is to design optimum machinery and tools in order to
ensure the safety, comfort and human health, technical and economic efficiency.
2. Subjects of application: every working machinery and tools.
3. The principles
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- Depending on the motion range of the joints. The
comfortable angles of the body.
- Depending on the required forces on the control devices.
- The principle of movement limitation in order to ensure
comfortable postures and optimum working zones.
- The requirements for hygiene and appearance (shape, paint
color…) must be satisfied.
- The principle of using anthropometry figures: after using
the tools, the subject shall select the anthropometry figures as the basis for
calculating the sizes of machinery and tools, the percentage of people that concur
with the tool and machinery design.
IV. MEASUREMENT 4 – HEIGHT OF WORK SURFACES
1. Scope of regulation: principles of work surface height design.
2. Subjects of application: every working position
3. The principles
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Work characteristics
Height of working zone
1
2
3
4
5
Works that demand precise observation
Works that need handwork
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Works with heavy material (for standing position only)
Works with various demands
10 - 20 cm above the elbow
5 - 7cm above the elbow
Slightly under the elbow
10 - 30cm under the elbow
Determined by the work that demands the most
V. PRINCIPLE 5 – WORKING POSITIONS WITH COMPUTERS
1. Scope of application: the basic principles of designing working positions
with computers.
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3. The principles
3.1. Working positions
- The working position must be designed suitably for the
worker. Ideally the position should be adjusted to suit each worker. In case
the position cannot be adjusted, the design must be based on the anthropometry
(5% and 95%).
- The adjustable working surface height should range from 65
- 75cm. If the height is not adjustable: 70 cm
- The height of the monitor and keyboard must be
independently adjustable.
- The minimum distance between two workers is 1m (from the
center of the working position).
3.2. Working surface:
- The working surface must not be glaring and reflective,
and must be spacious enough to place necessary stuff such as the keyboard,
mouse and document for the worker’s comfort.
- The document holder (if any) must be firm and placed at
positions that do not cause the user to make inconvenient head and eye movements.
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3.3. Chair and backrest:
- The chair height must be adjustable from 35-50 cm and
rotatable.
- The chair must be firm. The chair must not be covered by
synthetic waterproof material.
- The seat depth is 38- 43 cm, at least 45 cm in width,
edgeless. The tilt being 0 - 100 that can handle the body weight on
the buttock (not on the thigh).
- The performance on the keyboard must not be hindered when
the arm is rested.
- For mobile chairs, the 5 castors must be fixed on the chair.
- The backrest must be adjustable that can handle the back
(hip).
3.4. Footrest:
- There must be space for the operator’s feet to be
comfortable.
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3.5. The operator’s posture:
- The operator must sit comfortably with the back rested and
feet on the floor or the footrest. The elbow angle is approximately 900,
the angle between the body and the thigh is from 90-1200.
- The operator should avoid rigid sitting posture for a long
time but may change the position, stand, stretch or walk around if feel tired.
3.6. View angle and visions:
- The best view angle is between 10-300 below the
horizontal line of sight of the operator. The upper side of the monitor must
not be higher than the eye-level. The angle between the ray from the lower side
of the monitor and the horizontal line of sight must not exceed 400.
- The appropriate vision is not shorter than 50 cm.
3.7. Glare prevention and lighting
- The general light intensity: 300 - 700 lux For places with
special visual requirements, the intensity may reach 700 - 1,000 lux. Partial
lighting might be used for document reading with lampshade for glare
prevention.
- Diminishing the reflection and glare by properly placing
the light sources, not using reflective surfaces and items...
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- The monitor must be covered with anti-glare coat. If the
anti-glare coat is not available, the monitor must be equipped with
anti-reflection equipment in order to prevent glare from reflection. Such
equipment must not reduce the definition of graphics and text. Only use the
anti-glare filter when other solutions are not available.
- The wall color must be elegant with low reflection level
(non-glossy). The colors of surrounding equipment must also be non-glossy or
dark in order to avoid reflection of light sources. Avoid using reflective,
shimmering or glossy surfaces at workplaces.
3.8. Environment
- The working room temperature is from 23 - 250C,
the maximum relative humidity is 75%.
- The minimum ventilation volume is 13 m3/hour/person.
The wind speed must not exceed 0.5 m/second.
- The noise must not exceed 55 dBA.
3.9. Breaks
- After every hour of continuous work with computer, a short
break to rest or doing light works not related to the monitor is recommended It
is best to leave the computer during this time.
- It is better to exercise the muscles or eyes during this
time.
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VI. V. MEASUREMENT 1 – WORKING POSITIONS WITH COMPUTERS
1. Scope of application
The basic measurements of designing working positions with
computers basing on the basic principles stated above.
2. Subjects of application: the working positions with desktop computer.
3. Measurements
No.
Norm
Size
1
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Table height: - Adjustable (cm)
- Non-adjustable (cm)
- Chair height (adjustable) (cm)
Seat depth (cm)
Minimum seat width (cm)
Seat slope toward the backrest (degree)
Footrest space (cm)
Footrest slop (degree)
Elbow angle (degree)
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View angle (below the horizontal line of sight) (degree)
Vision (cm)
65 - 70
70
35 - 50
38 - 43
45
0 - 10
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30
85 - 95
90 - 120
10 - 30
>50
2
Environment
- General lighting (lux): - normal
- Special visual requirements
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- Maximum humidity (%)
- Minimum ventilation
- Wind speed(m/second)
- Noise (dBA)
300 -700
700- 1,000
23 - 25
75
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Not exceeding 0.5
Not exceeding 55
3
Continuous working time
1-2 hours
VII. MEASUREMENTS 2- – HEIGHT OF WORKING SURFACES
1. Scope of regulation
basic measurements of working surface height.
2. Subjects of application: working positions.
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Posture
Kind of work
Height of working surface (cm)
Male
Female
Male and female
Standing
Light
88 - 102
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86 - 99
Medium
80 - 94
77 - 89
78 - 91
Heavy
74 - 88
71 - 83
72 - 85
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High precision
73 - 86
70 - 83
70 - 83
Precision
65 - 78
62 - 75
64 - 77
Light works without high precision
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57 - 70
59 - 72
VIII. MEASUREMENTS 3 – VIEW DISTANCE FROM EYES TO THINGS
1. Scope of regulation
The measurements of view distance from eyes to the working
objects.
2. Subjects of application: working positions
3. Measurements
No.
Work characteristic
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(from eyes to things)
1
2
3
4
Works demanding extreme precisions (small part assembly…)
Works demanding high precision (drawing, sewing, seaming…)
Works demanding precision and medium precision (reading,
lathe…)
Works demanding little precision
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25 - 35cm
35 - 50cm
Over 50cm
IX. MEASUREMENTS 2 – VIEW ANGLE
1. Scope of regulation
The measurements of view angle in working position design in
order to create comfort and productivity.
2. Subjects of application: working positions.
3. The measurement of view angle with the horizontal line of
sight 00
No.
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View angle
1
2
Leaning backward
(e.g. working in control rooms)
Leaning forward
(e.g. – working at tables)
150
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450
* One side of a view angle is the horizontal line of sight.
* The object of work under regular observation must be put
at the front center field of view
X. SPECIFICATONS 5 – FOOTREST SPACE
1. Scope of regulation
The measurements of footrest space in working position
design in order to create comfort and productivity.
2. Subjects of application: working positions.
3. Measurements:
No.
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Footrest space
1
2
3
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Width
Depth at knee-level
Depth at floor-level
Standing positions:
Depth for feet
Height for feet
The free space behind the standing worker
60 cm
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65
15 cm
15 cm
90 cm
XI. MEASUREMENTS 6 – LIFTING HEIGHT
1. Scope of regulation
The measurements of height from the floor to the person
lifting in order to create comfort and avoid vocational risks.
2. Subjects of application: the workers that lift heavy things.
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The terms in these standards are construed as follows:
- Normal lifting height: within the range from the elbow
joint to the shoulder joint.
- Low lifting height: under the elbow joint.
4. Measurements
Level
Normal lifting height
Low lifting height
Distance to the handle (cm)
Distance to the handle (cm)
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30-50
50-70
>70
< 30
30-50
50-70
>70
Lifting weight (kg)
Lifting weight (kg)
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Heavy things easily lifted by machines
2
< 18
< 10
< 8
< 5
< 13
< 8
< 5
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3
18-34
10-19
8-13
6-11
13-23
8-13
5-9
4-7
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35-55
20-30
14-21
12-28
24-25
14-21
10-15
8-13
5
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>30
21
>18
>35
>21
>15
>8
XII. MEASUREMENTS 7: PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL
STRAIN – LIMIT VALUES
1. Scope of regulation: The limit values of physiological measurements of thermal
strain including the risks to health of healthy workers, the adaptability to
different technologies to detect such risks.
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3. Reference standard: ISO 9886
4. Physiological specifications of thermal strain
4.1. Body core temperature
The body core temperature must not differ from the values in
section 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.
4.1.1. Hot environment
The limit values depend on the core temperature increase and
the used measurements.
The core temperature must not increase more than 10C
(or not exceed 380C) in the following cases;
- The core temperature is taken many times, regardless of
the techniques.
- When other physiological measurements are not taken.
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The increase of temperature over 38.50C might be
tolerable when the following conditions are satisfied:
a. The subject has been given medical examination.
b. The subject has adapted to the heat by repeatedly
exposing to such environment when performing special duties.
c. Under constant medical supervision and means of first-aid
are ready.
d. The esophagus temperature is continuously monitored.
e. Other physiological measurements are concurrently
monitored – especially the heart rate
f. The exposure might be immediately suspended when the
intolerable symptoms appear such as fatigue, vertigo, nausea
g. The workers are entitled to leave the workplace when they
want.
The core temperature must not exceed 390C.
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In cold environments, only the measurements of esophagus
temperature (tes), rectum temperaturer (tre) and abdomen
temperature are suitable. The lower limit for these temperatures is 360C.
Conditions of application:
a. When these temperatures are monitored from time to time.
b. When the exposure is repeated in a day.
c. In some rare conditions, the lower temperature might be
tolerable briefly.
d. The subject has been given medical examination
e. The skin temperature is concurrently monitored and the acceptable
limit is noticed.
f. The workers are entitled to leave the workplace when they
want.
4.2. The skin temperature limit values:
For the previously mentioned reasons, the below limits are
only related to the pain threshold.
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4.3. Heart rate (HR):
The heart rate increase (HRT) by thermal strain
is 33 beats for each degree increased of the core temperature. However, the
heart reaction to heat varies from person to person. Therefore, in case the HR
is the only physiological measurement monitored, the upper limit of HRT around
30 beats/minute would be reasonable. In circumstances that the thermal strain
might be high, it must be measured simultaneously with the core temperature. Moreover,
there must be means to monitor the actual heart rate throughout the exposure.
The limited heart rate at workplaces must not exceed the
maximum limit minus 20 beats/minute. Ideally, these values should be calculated
by personal test. If such test cannot be carried out, the values could be
approximated using the following formula:
HRL 0.85 A (A is the age in year).
According to the maximum limit of the core temperature being
390C, the maximum limit of the heart rate increase from the initial
temperature may reach 60 beat/minute. This may be applicable to the similar
situations, especially under medical supervision and constant monitoring.
4.4. Weight loss:
The limit value of weight loss is 800g for adapted workers
and 1300g for unadapted ones, proportionally to the water loss being 3250g or
5200g in case the water intake is 75% of the water loss.
These values refer to subjects with 1.8 m2 of
skin and may be applicable to a particular subject by proportionally multiplied
the skin area ADu with the reference skin area being 1.8 m2
Limit values
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Adapted person
Caution
Danger
Caution
Danger
Sweat level
Idle: M<65W/m2
SWmax
W/m2
g/hour
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SWmax W/m2
g/hour
100
250
200
520
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150
390
250
650
200
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300
780
300
780
400
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Maximum water loss
DmaxW.h/m2
g
1 000
2 600
1 250
3 250
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1 500
3 900
2 000
5 200
Notes: W watt-hour hour g gram
Notes: * M energy metabolism level
* SW sweat weight
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Part 1: Twenty one (21) standards of labor hygiene
I. Standards of hygienic amenities
II. Standards of hygienic distance
III. Manual labor – Standards of task classification by
energy consumption classification
IV. Manual labor – Standards of task classification by heart
rate
V. Carrying standard – Limited weight
VI. Lighting standards
VII. Microclimate standards
VIII. Standards of silicon dust
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X. Standards of cotton dust
XI. Standards of asbestos dust
XII. Standards of noise
XIII. Standards of vibration
XIV. Standards of static magnetic field - Magnetic flux
density
XV. Standards of low-frequency magnetic field - magnetic
flux density
XVI. Standards of intensity of low-frequency electromagnetic
field and static electric field
XVII. Standards of intensity of electromagnetic field from
30kHz - 300GHz
XVIII. Ultraviolet radiation – Acceptable limit
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XX. X-ray radiation – Acceptable limit
XXI. Chemicals – Acceptable limit in the working air
Part 2: Five (05) principles and seven (07) measurements of
labor hygiene
I. Principle 1 – Ergonomic design of labor systems
II. Principle 2 – Ergonomic design of labor positions
III. Principle 3 – Ergonomic design of machinery and tools
IV. Principle 4 – Working area layout
V. Principle 5 – Working position with computers
VI. Measurement 1 – Working position with computers
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VIII. Measurement 3 – Distance from eyes to things
IX. Measurement 4 - View angle
X. Measurement 5 – Footrest
XI. Measurement 6 – Lifting height
XII. Measurement 7 – Physiological measurement of thermal
strain - Limit values