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NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY OF VIETNAM
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SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Independence - Freedom – Happiness
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Resolution
No. 198/2025/QH15
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Hanoi,
May 17, 2025
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RESOLUTION
ON SPECIAL MECHANISMS
AND POLICIES FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Pursuant to Constitution of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
Pursuant to the Law on
Organization of the National Assembly No. 57/2014/QH13 amended by Law No.
65/2020/QH14 and Law No. 62/2025/QH15;
Pursuant to Law on Promulgation
of Legislative Documents No. 64/2025/QH15;
HEREBY RESOLVES:
Chapter I
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Article 1.
Governing scope
This Resolution provides
regulations on special mechanisms and policies for the private sector
development.
Article 2.
Regulated entities
This Resolution applies to
enterprises, household businesses, individual businesses and other relevant
organizations and individuals.
Article 3.
Definitions
1. “Startup" refers to an
enterprise that is established to demonstrate ideas based on the operation of
intellectual property, technology, new business models, and has the potential
for rapid growth.
2. “household business” is
established by an individual or household members whose liability for its
operation is equal to their total assets.
3. “individual business” refers to
an individual who engages in business operations for which liability is equal
to their total assets.
Chapter II
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Article 4.
Principles of inspection, examination, licensing, certification, competition,
and access to resources for enterprises, household businesses, and individual
businesses
1. The number of inspections for
each enterprise, household business, or individual business (if any) shall not
exceed once per year, unless there are clear signs of violations.
2. The number of examinations at
each enterprise, household business, or individual business (if any), including
inter-sector inspections, shall not exceed once per year, unless there are
clear signs of violations.
3. For the same content of state
management, if an inspection has already been conducted, then an examination
shall not be carried out, or if an examination has been conducted, then an
inspection shall not be carried out within the same year, except in cases where
there are clear signs of violations.
4. Plans and conclusions of
inspection and examination of enterprises, household businesses and individual
businesses shall be public in accordance with laws.
5. Acts of abuse and exploitation
of inspections and examinations to harass and create difficulties for
enterprises, household businesses and individual businesses shall be strictly
handled.
6. Digital transformation shall be
enhanced during the processes of inspection and examination of enterprises,
household businesses, and individual businesses. Remote inspections and
examinations conducted based on electronic data shall be given priority;
on-site inspections and examinations shall be reduced.
7. Enterprises, household
businesses and individual businesses shall not be subject to on-site
inspections if they fully comply with the provisions of law.
8. The legal system shall be
completed and barriers to market access shall be removed, ensuring the
transparency, transparency, consistency, long-term stability, ease of
compliance, and low costs for the business environment.
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10. No discrimination shall be made
between entities of different economic sectors in the mobilization, allocation,
and utilization of resources, including capital, land, natural resources,
assets, technology, human resources, data, and other resource assets.
11. The provisions of law shall be
strictly enforced against actions that restrict competition, engage in unfair
competition, abuse a dominant position, and abuse a monopoly position.
12. Media and press agencies,
organizations and individuals are prohibited from engaging in harassment,
misconduct, or providing misleading or inaccurate information that affects
enterprises, entrepreneurs, household businesses, and individual businesses.
Article 5.
Principles for handling violations and resolving cases in business operations
1. Clearly delineating the
responsibilities of legal entities from the responsibilities of individuals in
handling violations; between criminal liability and administrative liability,
civil liability; and between administrative liability and civil liability.
2. In cases of civil and economic
violations and cases, priority should be given to the application of civil,
economic, and administrative measures. Enterprises, household businesses, and
individual businesses are encouraged to proactively rectify any violations and
damages. Do not initiate criminal prosecution if it can be avoided.
3. For the offences that are liable
to criminal prosecution, proactive, timely, and comprehensive measures for
economic restitution shall be prioritized and will serve as a key basis for the
prosecuting authorities to consider when deciding the initiation of proceedings,
investigation, prosecution, trial, and subsequent handling measures.
4. The provisions of law shall not
be retroactive to address disadvantages for enterprises, household businesses
and individual businesses.
5. In cases where the information,
documents, and evidence are not sufficiently clear to conclude that there has
been a violation of the law, it is necessary to reach a conclusion in
accordance with procedural laws and to publicly announce this conclusion.
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7. Ensuring that the sealing,
distraint, temporary seizure, or freezing of property involved in a case or
lawsuit must be within the jurisdiction and scope, follow procedures, not
infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and
organizations; ensuring that the value of such property is equivalent to the
estimated damage of the case. Using necessary measures appropriately to ensure
the value of property related to the case, minimize the impact of the
investigation on business operations after obtaining a consensus from the
proceeding authorities and ensure that the investigation activities are not
affected.
8. Clearly distinguishing between
lawfully acquired property with those derived from legal violations, other
property concerning cases; between the property, rights, and obligations of
enterprises with those of individual executives of such enterprises during the
handling of violations and resolving cases.
9. Timely and effectively handling
evidence and property without affecting the proof and resolution of cases and
lawsuits; promptly remedying the damage caused, bringing assets into
exploitation and use, in order to unlock development resources, prevent losses
and waste; ensuring the interests of the State, the legal rights and interests
of organizations and individuals; in accordance with international treaties of
which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a member.
Article 6.
Bankruptcy proceedings
1. Expanding the circumstances and
grounds for the Courts to consider and decide the bankruptcy proceeding under
abridged procedures for enterprises.
2. Ensuring a minimum reduction of
30% in time and the simplification of the procedures compared to the regular
procedures when applying bankruptcy proceeding under abridged procedures as
specified in clause 1 of this Article.
Chapter III
SUPPORT FOR ACCESS TO LAND
AND PREMISES FOR PRODUCTION AND BUSINESS, LEASE OF BUILDINGS AND LAND IN THE
FORM OF PUBLIC PROPERTY
Article 7.
Support for access to land and premises for production and business
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2. Investors in infrastructure for
industrial parks, industrial clusters, and technology incubators provided with
supports as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article must allocate a portion of
the land area within which the infrastructure investments have been made to
high-tech enterprises in the private sectors, small and medium-sized
enterprises, and startups for lease and sublease. The provisions of the law on
the management and use of public property shall not apply to property formed
from the financial support specified in Clause 1 of this Article.
3. Based on the actual situation
and the capacity to balance the local government budgets, the provincial
People's Committees shall stipulate the principles, criteria, norms for support
for investment, and determine the area of land where infrastructure investments
have been made of industrial parks, industrial clusters, and technology
incubators allocated to high-tech enterprises in the private sectors, small and
medium-sized enterprises, and startups for lease and sublease as stipulated in
Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.
4. For newly established industrial
parks and industrial clusters after the effective date of this Resolution, the
provincial People's Committees, based on the actual situation, shall determine
the land area for each industrial park and industrial cluster where
infrastructure systems have been developed, ensuring an average of 20 hectares
per industrial park or industrial cluster or 5% of the land area of the
industrial park or industrial cluster of the provincial divisions to be
allocated for high-tech enterprises in the private sectors, small and
medium-sized enterprises, and startups for lease or sublease.
5. For a newly established
industrial park or industrial cluster specified in Clause 4 of this Article, if
the support for investment by the State for the construction of infrastructure
systems for the industrial park or cluster is not provided and no high-tech
enterprises in the private sectors, small and medium-sized enterprises, or
startups lease or sublease the industrial park or industrial cluster after 02
years from the date on which the industrial park or cluster completes the development
of infrastructure, the investor in the infrastructure of the industrial park or
cluster shall have the right to lease out or sublease out the industrial park
or industrial cluster to other enterprises.
6. High-tech enterprises in the
private sectors, small and medium-sized enterprises, and startups are provided
with the support for reducing at least 30% of land rent for subleased land for
the first 05 years from the date of signing the land lease contracts with the
investors in the infrastructure of the industrial parks, industrial clusters,
or technology incubators. This amount of support for land rent shall be
reimbursed to the investors by the State in accordance with the regulations set
forth by the Government. The Provincial People’s Committees shall issue
decisions to reduce land rent for subleased land as prescribed in this clause.
Article 8.
Support for lease of buildings and land in the form of public property
1. The State shall provide support
for small and medium-sized enterprises, supporting industry enterprises, and
innovative enterprises to lease buildings and land in the form of public
property that is unused or underused in the administrative divisions.
2. The Government shall stipulate
the principles and beneficiaries of support as outlined in Clause 1 of this
Article.
3. The provincial People's
Committees shall make the list of public property available for lease, the
criteria, the level of support, the forms of support, the procedures for
leasing out each type of property, and ensure public disclosure on the websites
of the provincial divisions.
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FINANCIAL SUPPORT, CREDIT
SUPPORT, AND PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SUPPORT
Article 9.
Financial support, credit support
1. Enterprises in the private
sectors, household businesses, and individual businesses are provided by the
State with an interest rate subsidy of 2% per year when taking loans to
implement green and circular projects and apply the Environmental, Social, and
Governance (ESG) standards framework.
2. The small and medium-sized
enterprise development fund shall perform the following functions:
a) Lending to small and
medium-sized enterprises;
b) Granting loans used for
entrepreneurship;
c) Providing initial funding for
innovative startup projects and incubator establishment projects;
d) Investing in local investment
funds and private investment funds to increase the capital supply for small and
medium-sized enterprises and startups;
D) Receiving and managing loans,
funding, aid, contributions, and trusts from organizations and individuals to
support small and medium-sized enterprises.
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1. The corporate income tax on
income generated from innovative startup activities of startups, startup
investment fund management companies for innovative startups, and start-up
assistance organizations shall be eligible for exemption of corporate income
tax for 02 years and 50% reduction in the tax payable for the next 04 years.
The duration for tax exemptions and reductions shall be determined in
accordance with corporate income tax laws.
2. The personal income tax and
corporate income tax on income derived from the transfer of shares, capital
contributions, the right to contribute capital, the right to purchase shares,
and the right to purchase capital contributions in startups shall be exempted.
3. The personal income tax on
income from salaries and wages of experts and scientists received from
startups, research and development centers, innovation centers, and start-up
assistance organizations shall be eligible for exemption of personal income tax
for 02 years and 50% reduction in the tax payable for the next 04 years.
4. The corporate income tax for
small and medium-sized enterprises shall be exempted for 3 years from the date
of issuance of the first enterprise registration certificate.
5. The costs borne by a large
enterprise for providing training and retraining for small and medium-sized
enterprises participating in the chain can be recorded as deductible expenses
when calculating corporate income tax.
6. Household businesses and
individual businesses shall stop paying fixed tax from January 1, 2026.
Household businesses and individual businesses shall pay tax according to tax
administration laws.
7. The collection and payment of
license fees shall stop from January 01, 2026.
8. Fees and charges for reissuance
or renewal/replacement of documents incurred by organizations, individuals and
enterprises when the state apparatus is reorganized in accordance with laws
shall be exempted.
Article 11.
Incentives for contractor selection
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2. If all small and medium-sized
enterprises fail to meet the requirements after the bidding process is over, it
is permissible to hold the bidding again without having to apply the provisions
in Clause 1 of this Article.
Chapter V
SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION, DIGITAL
TRANSFORMATION, AND HUMAN RESOURCES TRAINING
Article 12.
Support for research, development, and application of science, technology,
innovation, and digital transformation
1. Enterprises may allocate up to
20% of their assessable income to establish funds for the development of
science, technology, innovation, and digital transformation. These funds may be
used for in-house R&D or outsourced R&D through outcome-based
contracting. These funds shall be used in accordance with corporate income tax
laws.
2. Enterprises are allowed to
record 200% of actual R&D expenses as deductible expenses when determining
assessable income.
3. The State shall allocate funding
to provide free digital platforms and common accounting software for small
enterprises, micro-enterprises, household businesses, and individual businesses
in accordance with the Government’s regulations.
Article 13.
Support for enhancing corporate governance capacity and human resource quality
1. The state budget shall be
allocated to implement programs for training and refresher training of 10.000
executive directors by 2030.
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Chapter VI
SUPPORT FOR THE FORMATION OF MEDIUM AND LARGE
ENTERPRISES, PIONEERING ENTERPRISE
Article 14.
Commissioning, limited bidding, and direct contracting for the implementation
of key projects of national significance
1. The State is expanding the
participation of enterprises in the private sectors in key projects of
significant importance for socio-economic development, as well as projects of national
significance, through direct investment or PPP investment or other
collaborative models between the State and private sector as stipulated by law.
2. Authorized persons and investors
may choose one of the forms including commissioning, limited bidding, or direct
contracting, or any other appropriate form in accordance with the law to
implement strategies, key scientific research projects and missions of national
significance, high-speed railways, urban railways, foundational industries,
spearhead industries, energy infrastructure, digital infrastructure, green
transportation, national defense, security, and urgent tasks, ensuring
transparency, clarity, quality, progress, efficiency, and accountability.
Article 15.
Support for the establishment and development of medium and large enterprises,
regional- and global-scale private economic groups
The State shall develop programs
and allocate state budget to support the formation and development of medium
and large enterprises, as well as regional- and global-scale private economic
groups through the following programs:
1. The program aims to develop
1.000 exemplary enterprises that are pioneers in the application of science and
technology, innovation, digital transformation, green transformation, high-tech
industry, and supporting industries;
2. The Go Global program aims to
provide support in terms of market, capital, technology, branding, distribution
channels, logistics, insurance, consulting, legal matters, mergers and
acquisitions, connectivity with multinational corporations, and resolution of
business and trade disputes.
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IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS
Article 16.
Implementation
1. The Government, the Council of
Judges of the Supreme People's Court, the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's
Court, the Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy, and the local provincial
authorities shall, within their jurisdiction, provide detailed regulations and
guidance on the application and organization of the implementation of this
Resolution to ensure conditions for access and to implement favourable,
feasible, and effective mechanisms and policies.
2. The Government, Ministries,
ministerial agencies, other central authorities and local governments shall
emphasize their responsibilities, particularly the responsibility of leaders in
directing the organization of implementation, inspection and examination of the
compliance with regulations of this Resolution, ensuring transparency, clarity,
effectiveness and feasibility; and preventing any exploitation of policies,
losses, and wastage.
3. By December 31, 2026, completing
the review, amendment, supplementation, and improvement of land laws, planning
laws, and investment laws; continuing to review, amend, supplement, and improve
other laws related to business investment to fully institutionalize Resolution
No. 68-NQ/TW dated May 4, 2025, of the Politburo on the private sector
development.
4. Assigning the Government to:
a) By December 31, 2025, complete
the review and elimination of unnecessary business conditions, overlapping and
inappropriate regulations that hinder the development of private enterprises;
reduce at least 30% of the processing time for administrative procedures, at
least 30% of legal compliance costs, at least 30% of business conditions, and
continue to implement significant reductions in the following years;
b) Clearly delegate tasks,
authority and responsibilities among levels and sectors of each agency and
unit, clearly define the accountability of the leaders in the resolution of
administrative procedures;
c) Establish a mechanism for
evaluating and providing feedback on barriers and obstacles in business
operations;
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5. Heads of agencies, units, and
officials, public employees, and workers involved in the establishment,
promulgation, and implementation of the mechanisms and policies stipulated in
this Resolution shall be considered for exemption or discharge of
responsibility in cases where they have fully carried out the relevant
processes and regulations, have not acted for personal gain during the
execution of their duties, but have incurred losses due to objective risks.
Organizations and individuals who
have achieved outstanding results in the implementation of this resolution
shall be rewarded in accordance with the provisions of the law. Acts of
corruption, exploitation, and harassment by officials during the implementation
of this Resolution shall be strictly handled.
6. The National Assembly, the
Standing Committee of National Assembly, the Central Committee of Vietnamese
Fatherland Front, Ethnic Minority Council, Committees of the National Assembly,
Delegations of the National Assembly, the National Assembly deputies, the
People's Councils at all levels shall, within the ambit of their duties and
powers, supervise the implementation of this Resolution.
Article 17.
Implementation clauses
1. This Resolution comes into force
from the day on which it is adopted by the National Assembly.
2. In cases where there are
differing regulations regarding the same issue between this Resolution and
other laws or resolutions of the National Assembly, the provisions of this
Resolution shall prevail. In cases where other legislative documents provide
mechanisms, incentives that are more favourable than those stipulated in this
Resolution, the provisions of those legislative documents shall apply.
This Resolution was passed on
May 17, 2025, by the XVth National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam at its 9th session.
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