THE
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
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No: 966/BNN-QLCL
on control of radioactive residues in foods
imported from Japan
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Hanoi,
April 14, 2011
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To:
Facing warnings of the World Health
Organization (WHO), Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare of Japan on detection
of residues of radioactive substance beyond the permissible limits in a number
of foods from Japan origin; to ensure the health of Vietnamese consumers, the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development guides the units to deploy the
uniform application of control measures as follows:
1. Control mode
of radioactive contamination in food:
1.1. Subjects of application:
a. The food lots imported from
Japan origin under the State management of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development left Japan from 11/03/2011.
b. The inspection is done prior to
the customs clearance procedures.
1.2. Frequency of inspection:
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b. Sampling with frequency of 20%
of the good lot to inspect radioactive contamination level of food lots
imported into Vietnam originated from other provinces.
1.3. Number of samples: take 01
sample/good lot with the minimum weight as 01 kg/sample.
1.4. Targets and limits:
- Short-term inspection target is
to focus on three radioisotopes as follows: Cs134, Cs137
and I131.
- The allowed maximum limit for the
above targets is implemented according to provisions of the Ministry of Health.
If the Health Ministry has not provided for, it shall comply with the
provisions of Codex standards (CODEX STAN 193-1995) - Appendix I attached.
1.5. Laboratory: Samples must be
sent for analysis in the laboratories listed in Appendix II attached.
2. Measures for
handling good lots having radioactive contamination exceeding the maximum
permissible limit
2.1. For the good lots violated: Do
not allow importing into Vietnam.
2.2. For the following good lots of
the same type and origin:
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b. As five consecutive good lots
are sampled for inspection and met the requirements, it shall be applied the
mode of probability inspection.
3. Funding for
the deployment
All costs for sampling, sending
samples, analyzing samples shall be advanced firstly from the funds of the
units. The units shall plan and estimate cost for implementing these activities
and send to the Ministry (through the Department of Finance) for the Ministry’s
approval.
4.
Responsibilities of the units
4.1. Department of Animal Health,
Department of Plant Protection:
a. To direct the units under their
direct management to implement the inspection of radioactive contamination
levels under the guidance of this official dispatch.
b. To coordinate with the customs
authorities in inspection of imported foods, treatment and monitoring of
process handling the good lots violating the above provisions.
c. Timely notify the violations and
monthly report results of the inspection of radioactive contamination levels
for the food lots under their management to the Ministry (through National Agro - ).
4.2. National Agro -
:
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b. Contact-point on
the situation of radioactive contamination of foods imported from Japan under
the Ministry’s state management;
c. To review the
situation and the result of radioactive contamination level control in imported
food originating from Japan to report to the Ministry in the monthly meeting.
d. Promptly notify
the competent authority of Japan the cases detected the good lot having
radioactive contamination levels exceeding the maximum allowable limits and
measures that Vietnam is applying.
đ. To coordinate with
the Department for Safety - Food Hygiene - The Health Ministry; and Department
of Radiation Safety and Nuclear - Ministry of Science and Technology to
organize the training, coaching for the officials of the inspection agency of
the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
During the deployment
if any difficulties, problems arise, the concerned bodies should reflect to the
Ministry (through National Agro - ) for being settled.
The unit should pay
attention to implement.
MINISTER
Cao Duc Phat
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APPENDIX I
Tin
is mainly used in tinplated containers, but it is also extensively used in solders,
in alloys including dental amalgams. Inorganic tin compounds, in which the
element may be present in the oxidation states of +2 or +4, are used in a
variety of industrial processes for the strengthening of glass, as a base for
colours, as catalysts, as stabilizers in perfumes and soaps, and as dental
anticariogenic agents. On the whole, contamination of the environment by tin is
only slight. Food is the main source of tin for man. Small amounts are found in
fresh meat, cereals, and vegetables. Larger amounts of tin may be found in
foods stored in plain cans and, occasionally, in foods stored in lacquered
cans. Some foods such as asparagus, tomatoes, fruits, and their juices tend to
contain high concentrations of tin if stored in unlaquered cans (Environmental
health criteria for tin; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS);
1980). Inorganic tin is found in food in the +2 and +4 oxidation slates; it may
occur in a cationic form (stannous and stannic compounds) or as inorganic
anions (stannites or stannates).
RADIONUCLIDES
Commodity Code
Product Name
Representative radionuclides
Dose per unit intake factor in Sv/Bq
Level in Bq/kg
Type
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Notes/ Remarks
Infant foods*
236Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Am
1
GL
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Infant foods *
90Sr,
106Ru, 129l, 131l, 235U
100
GL
Infant foods *
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1000
GL
Infant foods *
3H***, 14C, 99Tc
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GL
Foods other than infant foods
236Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Am
10
GL
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Foods other than infant foods
90Sr, 106Ru, 129l, 131l, 235U
100
GL
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Foods other than infant foods
35S**, 60Co, 89Sr, 103Ru, 134Cs,
137Cs, 144Ce, 192lr
1000
GL
Foods other than infant foods
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10000
GL
*
When intended for use as such.
** This represents the value for organically
bound sulphur.
*** This
represents the value for organically bound tritium.
Scope:
The Guideline Levels apply to radionuclides contained in foods destined for
human consumption and traded internationally, which have been contaminated
following a nuclear or radiological emergency [1]. These guideline
levels apply to food after reconstitution or as prepared for consumption, i.e.,
not to dried or concentrated foods, and are based on an intervention exemption
level of 1 mSv in a year.
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Radionuclides:
The Guideline Levels; do not include all radionuclides. Radionuclides included
are those important for uptake into the food chain; are usually contained in
nuclear installations or used as a radiation source in large enough quantities
to be significant potential contributors to levels in foods, and; could be
accidentally released into the environment from typical installations or might
be employed in malevolent actions. Radionuclides of natural origin are
generally excluded from consideration in this document.
In
the Table the radionuclides are grouped according to the guideline levels
rounded logarithmically by orders of magnitude. Guideline levels are defined
for two separate categories "infant foods* and "other foods'. This is
because, for a number of radionuclides, the sensitivity of infants could pose a
problem. The guideline levels have been checked against age-dependent ingestion
dose coefficients defined as committed effective doses per unit intake for each
radionuclide, which are taken from the "International Basic Safety
Standards" (IAEA, 1996) [2].
Multiple
radionuclides in foods: The guideline levels have been developed with the
understanding that there is no need to add contributions from radionuclides in
different groups. Each group should be treated independently. However, the
activity concentrations of each radionuclide within the same group should be
added together [3]
Annex 1
SCIENTIFIC
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR RADIONUCLIDES IN FOODS CONTAMINATED
FOLLOWING A NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
The
Guideline Levels for Radionuclides in Foods and specifically the values
presented in Table 1 above are based on the following general radiological
considerations and experience of application of the existing international and
national standards for control of radionuclides in food.
Significant
improvements in the assessment of radiation doses resulting from the human
intake of radioactive substances have become available since the Guideline
Levels were issued by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1989 [4]
(CAC/GL 5-1989).
Infants
and adults: The levels of human exposure resulting from consumption of foods
containing radionuclides listed in Table 1 at the suggested guideline levels
have been assessed both for infants and adults and checked for compliance with
the appropriate dose criterion.
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Radiological
criterion: The appropriate radiological criterion, which has been used for
comparison with the dose assessment data below, is a generic intervention
exemption level of around 1 mSv for individual annual dose from radionuclides
in major commodities, e.g. food, recommended by the International Commission on
Radiological Protection as safe for members of the public (ICRP, 1999) [8].
Naturally
occurring radionuclides: Radionuclides of natural origin are ubiquitous and as
a consequence are present in all foodstuffs to varying degrees. Radiation doses
from the consumption of foodstuffs typically range from a few tens to a few
hundreds of microsieverts in a year. In essence, the doses from these
radionuclides when naturally present in the diet are unamenable to control; the
resources that would be required to affect exposures would be out of proportion
to the benefits achieved for health. These radionuclides are excluded from
consideration in this document as they are not associated with emergencies.
One-year
exposure assessment: It is conservatively assumed that during the first year
after major environmental radioactive contamination caused by a nuclear or
radiological emergency it might be difficult to readily replace foods imported
from contaminated regions with foods imported from unaffected areas. According
to FAO statistical data the mean fraction of major foodstuff quantities
imported by all the countries worldwide is 0.1. The values in Table 1 as
regards foods consumed by infants and the general population have been derived
to ensure that if a country continues to import major foods from areas
contaminated with radionuclides, the mean annual internal dose of its
inhabitants will not exceed around 1 mSv (see Annex 2). This conclusion might
not apply for some radionuclides if the fraction of contaminated food is found
to be higher than 0.1, as might be the case for infants who have a diet
essentially based on milk with little variety.
Long-term
exposure assessment: Beyond one year after the emergency the fraction of contaminated
food placed on the market will generally decrease as a result of national
restrictions (withdrawal from the market), changes to other produce,
agricultural countermeasures and decay.
Experience
has shown that in the long term the fraction of imported contaminated food will
decrease by a factor of a hundred or more. Specific food categories, e.g. wild
forest products, may show persistent or even increasing levels of
contamination. Other categories of food may gradually be exempted from controls.
Nevertheless, it must be anticipated that it may take many years before levels
of individual exposure as a result of contaminated food could be qualified as
negligible.
Annex 2
ASSESSMENT OF
HUMAN INTERNAL EXPOSURE WHEN THE GUIDELINE LEVELS ARE APPLIED
For
the purpose of assessment of the mean public exposure level in a country caused
by the import of food products from foreign areas with residual radioactivity,
in implementing the present guideline levels the following data should be used:
annual food consumption rates for infants and adults, radionuclide- and
age-dependent ingestion dose coefficients and the import/production factors.
When assessing the mean internal dose in infants and adults it is suggested
that due to monitoring and inspection the radionuclide concentration in
imported foods does not exceed the present guideline levels. Using
cautious assessment approach it is considered that all the foodstuffs imported
from foreign areas with residual radioactivity are contaminated with radionuclides
at the present guideline levels.
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E = GL(A) . M(A)-eing(A) - IPF
where:
GL(A)
is the Guideline Level (Bq/kg)
M(A)
is the age-dependent mass of food consumed per year
(kg)
eing(A) is the age-dependent ingestion dose coefficient
(mSv/Bq)
IPF
is the import/production factor [9]
(dimensionless).
Assessment
results presented in Table 2 both for infants and adults demonstrate that for
all the twenty radionuclides doses from consumption of imported foods during
the 1st year after major radioactive contamination do not exceed 1
mSv. It should be noted that the doses were calculated on the basis of a value
for the IPF equal to 0.1 and that this assumption may not always apply, in
particular to infants who have a diet essentially based on milk with little
variety.
It
should be noted that for 239Pu as well as for a number of other
radionuclides the dose estimate is conservative. This is because elevated
gastro-intestinal tract absorption factors and associated ingestion dose
coefficients are applied for the whole first year of life whereas this is valid
mainly during suckling period recently estimated by ICRP to be as average first
six months of life (ICRP, 2005 [10]).
For the subsequent six months of the first year of life the gut absorption
factors are much lower. This is not the case for 3H, 14C,
35S, iodine and caesium isotopes.
As
an example, dose assessment for 137Cs in foods is presented below
for the first year after the area contamination with this nuclide.
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APPENDIX II
LIST OF
(Together with Official Dispatch No.966/BNN-QLCL dated 14/4/2011)
No.
Agencies/Units
Adress
1
Technical Support Centre of
Radiation Safety and Incidents Respond - Department of Radiation Safety and
Nuclear
56 Linh Lang, Ba
Dinh, Hanoi
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2
Hanoi Institute for
Nuclear Science and Technology – Vietnam Atomic Enegy Commission.
179 Hoang Quoc
Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi
Tel: 04.37564926;
Fax: 0438363295
3
Center for Nuclear
Teachniques in Ho Chi Minh city – Vietnam Atomic Enegy Commission
217 Nguyen Trai, District 1, Ho Chi Minh city
Tel: 08.38393775; Fax:
08.38367361
4
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01 Nguyen Tu
Luc, Da Lat, Lam Dong
Tel: 063.3831350; Fax:
063.3821107