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THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF VIETNAM
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SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Independence – Freedom – Happiness
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Law No. 124/2025/QH15
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Hanoi, December 10, 2025
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LAW
VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION
Pursuant
to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam amended by Resolution
No. 203/2025/QH15;
The
National Assembly promulgates the Law on Vocational Education.
Chapter I
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
Article 1. Scope
This Law
provides for vocational education under the national education system; organization
and operation of vocational education institutions; powers and responsibilities
of organizations and individuals engaged in vocational education; state
management of vocational education.
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1. This
Law applies to vocational education institutions and relevant agencies,
organizations and individuals.
2. Other
establishments participating in vocational education activities shall apply
regulations of this Law within the scope of their vocational education
activities.
Article 3. Definition of terms
In this
Law, the terms below are construed as follows:
1. Vocational
education activities mean establishment and development of training
programs; maintenance of quality; admission and organization of training;
application of science, technology and innovation; and quality assessment and
accreditation; cooperation and investment in vocational education.
2. Specialized
database of vocational education means a component of the national database
of education and training and includes a collection of electronic data on
vocational education, arranged and structured to access, extract, share, manage
and update information on organization, operation, results and conditions for
assurance of quality of establishments having vocational education
activities.
Article 4. Vocational education principles
1. Comply
with the Constitution and laws.
2. Meet
the objectives of development of highly skilled workforce in association with
the requirements for socio-economic development and national construction and
defense, and national security.
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4. Ensure
full and complete autonomy of vocational education institutions regardless of
their financial autonomy degree in association with accountability; maintain
the effectiveness of state management, inspection and supervision by competent
authorities.
5. Ensure
quality, efficiency, fairness and equality in access to vocational education
and international cooperation; and promote lifelong learning.
Article 5. State’s policies on development of vocational
education
1. The
vocational education system shall develop towards openness, flexibility,
diversity, interconnection, standardization, modernization, private sector
involvement, and international integration; and high-quality vocational
education shall be focused.
2. The
State plays a leading role in development of vocational education, strategic
orientation, development facilitation and maintenance of resources so that
vocational education plays a key role in development of highly skilled
workforce, promotion of effective cooperation between vocational education
institutions, enterprises and society.
3.
Investment in vocational education shall be prioritized in socio-economic and
human resource development plans. Budget for vocational education shall be
prioritized in total state budget expenditure on education and training to:
a)
Standardize vocational education institutions; modernize a number of key and
high-quality colleges to meet international standards, in line with development
orientation to priority professions in major economic centers;
b) Train
highly skilled human resources in technical and technological professions;
national key professions; professions that reach advanced regional and
international standards; and national strategic and key programs and projects;
c)
Develop vocational education in extremely disadvantaged areas, ethnic minority
regions, mountainous areas, border regions, islands, and coastal areas.
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5.
Vocational education institutions are encouraged to organize research, apply
science and technology, and promote innovation; connect training with
scientific research, production, business, and service provision; and issue
incentive policies to attract and retain talents, experts, and domestic and
foreign scientists to participate in vocational education activities.
6.
Public-private partnership in vocational education shall be developed.
Enterprises, socio-political organizations, social organizations,
professional-social organizations, domestic and foreign organizations and
individuals, and overseas Vietnamese are encouraged to establish vocational
education institutions and participate in vocational education activities.
Article 6. Training objectives, programs, degrees/diplomas
and certificates
1.
Training programs include training programs at college-level, training programs
at intermediate-level, vocational secondary education programs, training
programs at elementary-level and other vocational training programs.
2.
Training objectives are prescribed as follows:
a) The
training program at college-level is aimed at providing learners with
capacities to perform and cope with complex and unpredictable tasks of
their professions; produce creative ideas, apply modern techniques and
technologies to their work, and give guidance to and supervise others in their
groups;
b) The
training program at intermediate-level is aimed at providing learners with
capacities to perform and cope with complex and predictable tasks of their
professions; apply modern techniques and technologies to their work, work
independently when there is any change to working conditions; work in groups;
and give guidance and supervise others whey they perform pre-determined tasks;
c) The
vocational secondary education program is aimed at helping learners complete
general education, and providing learners with capacities to perform and cope
with tasks in stable conditions and familiar environment of their respective
professions; and apply modern techniques and technologies to their work,
work independently and work in groups;
d) The
training program at elementary-level is aimed at providing learners with
capacities to perform and cope with basic and predictable tasks of some
professions; and apply techniques and technologies to their work;
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3.
Degrees/diplomas and certificates are prescribed as follows:
a) The
head of establishment having vocational education activities shall issue a
college degree to a learner completing the training program at college-level
and meeting the conditions as prescribed;
b) The head
of establishment having vocational education activities shall issue an
intermediate diploma to a learner completing the training program at
intermediate-level and meeting the conditions as prescribed;
c) The
learner completing the vocational secondary education program and meeting the
conditions as prescribed is eligible to take the graduation exam; if he/she
passes the exam, the head of establishment having vocational education
activities shall issue a vocational secondary diploma; if he/she does not take
or pass the exam, the head of establishment having vocational education
activities shall issue a training completion certificate. The training
completion certificate is used to apply for the exam for the vocational
secondary diploma or used in specific cases in accordance with the law;
d) The
head of establishment having vocational education activities shall issue an
elementary certificate to a learner completing the training program at
elementary-level and meeting the conditions as prescribed;
dd) The
head of establishment having vocational education activities shall issue a
training certificate to a learner completing another training program and
meeting the conditions as required by the program;
4.
Degrees/diplomas and certificates in vocational education shall be managed
according to the Law on Education.
Article 7. Establishments having vocational education
activities
1.
Establishments having vocational education activities include vocational
education institutions and establishments participating in vocational education
activities.
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a)
Colleges provide training programs at college-level, training programs at
intermediate-level, vocational secondary education programs, training programs
at elementary-level and other vocational training programs;
b)
Immediate schools provide training programs at intermediate-level, vocational
secondary education programs, training programs at elementary-level and other
vocational training programs;
c) Each
vocational secondary school shall have its own name appropriate to its fields
and training profession groups; vocational secondary schools provide vocational
secondary education programs, training programs at elementary-level and other
vocational training programs.
3.
Establishments participating in vocational education activities include
vocational education centers, vocational and continuing education centers,
continuing education centers, other centers having vocational education
functions (hereinafter referred to as “centers”), enterprises, cooperatives,
and higher education institutions. Eligible establishments participating in
vocational education activities may provide programs as follows:
a)
Centers, enterprises and cooperatives may provide training programs at
elementary-level and other vocational training programs;
b) Higher
education institutions that offer specialized disciplines or discipline groups
in the artistic and athletic fields at the undergraduate level may provide
training programs at college-level, training programs at intermediate-level and
vocational secondary education programs for the same discipline or discipline
group;
c) Higher
education institutions that offer teacher training discipline group at the
undergraduate level may provide training programs at college-level for the same
discipline group;
d) Higher
education institutions of the people's armed forces may provide training
programs at college-level and training programs at intermediate-level for
professions related to national defense and security;
dd)
Higher education institutions that offer training disciplines included in the
list of strategic technologies under the Prime Minister’ Decision at the
undergraduate level may provide training programs at college-level for the same
discipline group.
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5. The
Government shall provide for naming and renaming of vocational education
institutions, and organization of vocational secondary schools under different
names.
Article 8. State management of vocational education
1. The
Government shall uniformly perform state management of vocational education.
2. State
management of vocational education shall comply with the Law on Education and
be consistent with the following contents:
a)
Issuing and providing guidance on compliance with vocational education
institution standards, training program standards, and other quality standards;
prescribing and organizing vocational education quality assurance and
accreditation;
b)
Building, managing, operating, accessing, and using specialized database of
vocational education in a uniform manner;
c)
Presiding over and cooperating in development and implementation of mechanisms
for and policies on mobilization, management, and use of resources for
development of vocational education;
d)
Performing other tasks and exercising powers over state management of
vocational education in accordance with the law.
Chapter II
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Article 9. Vocational education institution charter
1.
Vocational education institution charter shall contain the following
main contents:
a)
Objectives and missions;
b) Its
tasks and powers;
c)
Organization of vocational education activities;
d) Rights
and obligations of educators and managers;
dd)
Rights and tasks of learners;
e)
Vocational education institution organization and management;
g) Its
finances and assets;
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2. The
Minister of Education and Training shall issue a general charter applicable to
vocational education institutions, including: college charter, immediate school
charter, and vocational secondary school charter. Vocational education
institutions shall, according to the general charter issued by the Minister of
Education and Training, formulate their rules for organization and operation
and publicly announce them at vocational education institutions.
Article 10. Tasks and powers of vocational education
institutions
1.
Identify objectives, strategies, and plans for development of vocational
education institutions in conformity with the national socio-economic
development strategy.
2.
Protect legitimate rights and interests of learners, lecturers, teachers,
vocational instructors and organizations and individuals related to vocational
education.
3.
Organize vocational education activities and issue degrees/diplomas and
certificates according to regulations; offer production internships to
lecturers, teachers, and vocational instructors at enterprises to upgrade and
improve their vocational skills; provide advice on training and employment for
learners.
4.
Establish and develop a system of digital diplomas, certificates and learning
materials. Provide and update information on the specialized database of
vocational education; manage, access and use data in accordance with
regulations.
5. Invest
and cooperate with domestic and foreign organizations and individuals in
training, scientific research and technology transfer.
6.
Establish enterprises and scientific and technological organizations if
eligible; apply research results and technology transfer to training,
production, business, and provision of services in accordance with regulations.
7.
Perform other tasks and powers as per the Law on Education.
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1.
Organizational structure of a vocational education institution includes:
a)
Principal and vice-principals;
b) School
board in a private vocational education institution;
c)
Science and training council;
d)
Campus, another location under the ownership of the domestic vocational
education institution;
dd)
Functional divisions, faculties, subjects and other units that are not
juridical persons, serve vocational education and are established according to
regulations;
e) Other
organizations (if any) established in accordance with regulations and including
science and technology organizations; national defense and security education
centers; public service providers affiliated to public vocational education
institutions; enterprises, production, business and service establishments
serving vocational education;
g)
Advisory councils (if any).
2.
Vocational education institutions must have Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)
organizations; political and social organizations; and organizations
representing learners and employees as prescribed by law.
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1. Principal
is a legal representative. He/she is responsible for managing and
administrating operations of the vocational education institution according to
the institution’s charter, the rule for organization and operation of the
vocational education institution and other relevant laws.
2. The
jurisdiction to appoint or dismiss a principal shall be exercised as follows:
a) The
direct superior body of the public vocational education institution has the
jurisdiction to appoint or dismiss the principal of the public vocational
education institution;
b) The school
board of the private vocational education institution has the jurisdiction to
appoint or dismiss the principal of the private vocational education
institution.
3.
Standards, tasks and powers; procedures for appointing and dismissing
principals of vocational education institutions shall comply with regulations
of the Law on Education.
Article 13. School boards in private vocational education
institutions
1. School
board in a private vocational education institution is a governing body that
represents relevant parties, decides development orientation and organizational
structure, uses resources, and supervises the implementation of the strategy
and accountability of the private vocational education institution.
2. The school
board operates collectively and democratically and makes decisions by majority
rule; it is responsible to the law and relevant parties for its decisions; and
it does not directly manage or administrate the private vocational education institution.
3. The
composition of the school board must be representative, objective and
appropriate to the institution type and include representatives from investors,
leaders of the vocational education institution, lecturers and teachers,
learners, experts and scientists, education managers, enterprises and relevant
production, trading, and service establishments.
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5. The
Minister of Education and Training shall prescribe structure and membership
standards applicable to school boards, tasks, powers, and term of office,
operational and supervisory mechanisms, relationship between investors and school
boards and principals.
Article 14. Science and training council
1.
Science and training council is an organization responsible for provision of
advice on academic expertise, training orientation, quality assurance,
scientific and technological research and application, lecturer and teacher
development, cooperation with domestic and foreign organizations and
individuals under the vocational education institution.
2. The
science and training council shall be established by the principal, operate
collectively and democratically and make decisions by majority rule and take
responsibility to the principal for provision of advice.
3. The
council comprises representatives of the vocational education institution,
lecturers, teachers, enterprises, or trade associations, reputable scientists,
and experts as decided by the principal.
4.
Organization, operation, and procedures for establishment of the council are
specified in the rule for organization and operation of the vocational
education institution.
Article 15. Training locations of vocational education
institutions
1. Training
locations of vocational education institutions in Vietnam include:
a)
Head offices where vocational education activities are organized and which
perform administrative and operational functions in accordance with regulations
of this Law and charters;
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c) Other
training locations where all or part of training programs are organized under
the management of vocational education institutions and which meet quality
assurance conditions, and include locations owned by vocational education
institutions, locations legally used, joint training locations, and practical
training locations.
2.
Campuses of foreign vocational education institutions in Vietnam are
established, organized, and operate in accordance with regulations applicable
to private vocational education institutions established by foreign investors,
according to legal operation conditions.
3.
Campuses of Vietnam vocational education institutions established in foreign
countries are not part of domestic vocational education institutions as
specified in clause 1, Article 11 of this Law.
4. The
Government shall elaborate conditions, procedures, and jurisdiction over
establishment, issuance of operation licenses, cessation of admission,
suspension of operations, and dissolution of campuses; and shall prescribe
criteria, standards, and conditions for assurance of the quality of training
locations.
Article 16. Vocational education institution standards
1.
Vocational education institution standards provide for requirements for
conditions for assurance of quality and performance indicators applicable to
vocational education institutions; such standards are reviewed and updated
periodically to ensure they are close to and gradually integrate with regional
and international standards.
2.
Vocational education institution standards serve as the basis for planning and
organization of the network of vocational education institutions; invest in the
development of key and high-quality vocational education institutions that meet
international standards; assessment and supervision of fulfillment of quality
assurance conditions; and assurance of accountability of vocational education
institutions.
3. The
Minister of Education and Training shall promulgate vocational education
institution standards; provide guidance on application, and assess compliance
with these standards.
Chapter III
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Article 17. Training program standards
1.
Training program standards prescribe general requirements for development and
implementation of training programs for degrees/diplomas, including objectives,
input standards, output standards, structure, minimum learning volume, program
structure, teaching and assessment methods, quality assurance conditions for
implementation of training programs.
2.
Training program standards shall meet the following requirements:
a) Be
consistent with specific objectives and requirements of corresponding levels in
the Vietnamese National Qualifications Framework;
b)
Promote application of science and technology to design and implementation of
training programs;
c) Apply
flexible training organization methods, and facilitate learners’ transfer and
lifelong learning;
d)
Conduct periodical reviews and assessments of training quality.
3. The
Minister of Education and Training shall issue training program standards;
provide guidance, inspect, and supervise the compliance with training program
standards; and preside over and cooperate with relevant ministries and central
authorities in establishing and issuing training program standards for specific
professions.
Article 18. Training program development
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a) Assist
learners in increasing their capacities and approaching the next training level
according to the Vietnamese National Qualifications Framework;
b) Refer
to occupational competency standards or national vocational skill standards (if
any);
c)
Regularly review, update, and supplement curriculums appropriate to the
development of science and technology, the needs of the labor market, practical
requirements of production and business, career trends, and learners’ capabilities.
2. The
vocational secondary education program shall integrate core knowledge of the
upper secondary program with vocational expertise to meet the requirements
specified in clause 1 of this Article.
3.
Vocational education institutions have the autonomy to compile, assess, select,
and issue training programs in accordance with the guidelines provided by the
Minister of Education and Training and ensure that such training programs shall
meet training program standards.
The
Minister of National Defence and the Minister of Public Security shall issue
training programs in the fields of national defence and security; and lists of
specialized defence and security professions.
4. The
Minister of Education and Training shall issue a list of training professions
in vocational education; list of specialized professions in the artistic and
athletic fields; list of strenuous, hazardous, and dangerous training
professions; list of training professions with limited admission but high job
demand; regulations on upper secondary knowledge included in vocational
secondary education programs; and procedures for compiling, appraising, and
issuing curricula and textbooks for common subjects in degree/diploma-level
training programs in vocational education.
Article 19. Issuance of licenses for vocational education
1.
Regarding degree/diploma-level training programs:
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b) The
licensing coverage shall vary according to groups of professions, training
location and training activities in cyberspace (if any);
c)
Regarding training programs for teacher training discipline group, health, law,
national defense and security fields, the vocational education license issuer
shall seek opinions from specialized authorities in charge of such disciplines
and fields before issuing licenses.
2.
Vocational education licenses are not issued to certificate-level training
programs.
3.
Issuance of vocational education licenses, suspension of admission, suspension
of vocational education activities, and revocation of decisions to issue
vocational education licenses shall comply with regulations of the Law on Education.
Article 20. Training provision and admission
1.
Establishments having vocational education activities shall include information
on training programs in the specialized database of vocational education before
admission and provision of training.
2.
Vocational education institutions have the autonomy to determine the number of
learners to be admitted and select admission methods every year, except for
commission and assignment of training tasks, the cases specified in clause 5 of
this Article.
3. Training
organization forms and methods are prescribed as follows:
a)
Training forms include formal training and continuing training;
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4.
Recognition and conversion of the accumulated learning outcomes and
professional competence of learners are aimed at facilitating transfer and
lifelong learning. Learning outcomes and professional competencies shall be
recognized in the following cases:
a)
Learning outcomes are accumulated from a training program;
b)
Learners' professional competence is acquired through vocational skill
certificates or other forms appropriate to content and objectives of
corresponding modules and subjects in training programs.
5. The
Minister of National Defence and the Minister of Public Security shall decide
the number of learners to be admitted and admission methods for establishments
having vocational education activities in the fields of national defense and
security. The Minister of Education and Training shall decide the number
of learners to be admitted and admission methods for teacher training
discipline group and key profession training programs by commissioning, task
assignment covered by state budget.
6. The
Minister of Education and Training shall provide guidance on clauses 1, 2, 3,
and 4 of this Article; issue regulations on admission, training, exam, and
recognition of graduation at college-level, intermediate-level, and vocational
high secondary education; and prescribe admission and organization of
elementary-level training and other vocational training programs.
Chapter IV
LECTURERS,
TEACHERS, VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTORS AND LEARNERS
Article 21. Lecturers, teachers and vocational instructors
1.
College lecturers teach college-level programs; vocational secondary teachers
teach vocational secondary programs; intermediate-level teachers teach
intermediate-level programs; and elementary-level teachers teach
elementary-level programs.
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3.
Co-permanent lecturers are public employees working at public service providers
(excluding public educational institutions) and having high qualifications, or
exceptional talent, aptitude, or advanced professional skills, and assigned by
public vocational education institutions to perform teaching and research tasks
that are the same as those assigned to permanent lecturers.
4.
Vocational instructors are other personnel as specified by the Law on Education
who perform teaching and practical training tasks at enterprises and
cooperatives to implement vocational education programs.
5. The
Government shall prescribe standards, employment, management and policies
applicable to co-permanent lecturers.
Article 22. Graduation requirements to be met by lecturers
and teachers and standards to be satisfied by vocational instructors
1.
Lecturers and teachers shall meet graduation requirements as follows:
a)
College lecturers, intermediate-level teachers, and vocational secondary
teachers who teach theory must have bachelor's degrees or equivalent or higher-level
degrees;
b)
College lecturers, intermediate-level teachers, and vocational secondary
teachers who teach practice must have at least college degrees;
c)
Elementary-level teachers must have intermediate diplomas;
2.
College lecturers, intermediate-level teachers, vocational secondary teachers
who teach practice, and elementary-level teachers, if they do not have the
degrees/diplomas specified in points b and c of clause 1 of this Article, must
have professional practice competence appropriate to their teaching levels.
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4.
College lecturers, intermediate-level teachers, vocational secondary teachers
who teach both theory and practice, shall meet regulations in points a and b
clause 1 of this Article.
5.
Vocational instructors shall meet the standards as prescribed by the Minister
of Education and Training.
6. The
Minister of Education and Training shall prescribe bachelor's degree or
equivalent or higher-level degree in certain higher education disciplines that
include practical training; pedagogical competence and professional practice
competence of lecturers and teachers; pedagogical competence training programs
and professional practice competence training program framework; assessment and
recognition of pedagogical competence and professional practice competence;
standards for refresher training and assessment; regulations on vocational
secondary teacher training discipline codes; and employment of teachers who
teach vocational secondary education programs.
Article 23. Rights and obligations of lecturers, teachers
and vocational instructors
1.
Permanent lecturers and teachers shall exercise the rights and fulfill the
obligations according to the Law on Educators and relevant laws.
2.
Co-permanent lecturers shall exercise the rights and fulfill the obligations in
accordance with regulations issued by their management units and regulations
issued by establishments having vocational education activities and operating
co-permanent lecturer mechanisms, and other relevant laws.
3.
Teachers and lecturers working under full-time contracts after their retirement,
and guest lecturers and teachers shall exercise the rights and fulfill the
obligations according to regulations issued by establishments having vocational
education activities.
4.
Vocational instructors shall exercise the rights and fulfill the obligations in
accordance with regulations issued by establishments having vocational
education activities, enterprises, cooperatives and other relevant laws.
Article 24. Policies applicable to lecturers, teachers,
vocational instructors
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2. In
addition to the policies stipulated in clause 1 of this Article, permanent
lecturers and teachers in public vocational education institutions are also
entitled to allowances in one of the following cases:
a) They
teach both theory and practice;
b) They
teach practical skills in strenuous, hazardous, or dangerous professions;
c) They
are at least elite educators, elite physicians, elite artists or elite
artisans or have high-level vocational skills in teaching practice.
3. The
State shall issue policies to attract and assist lecturers and teachers to
teach professions with limited admission but high job demand; and specialized
professions in the fields of arts, sports, national defense and security.
4. The
State shall issue policies to provide training and refresher training for
lecturers and teachers working at vocational education institutions to teach
vocational secondary education programs.
5. The
State shall issue policies on commendation and honor of vocational instructors
who have made outstanding contributions to teaching, research, practical
guidance and connection between training and enterprises.
6. The
Government shall elaborate clauses 2,3,4 and 5 of this Article.
Article 25. Learners
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2.
Learners shall exercise the rights and perform the tasks in accordance with regulations
of the Law on Education and the following rights and tasks:
a) Be
entitled to remuneration for participation in labour and creation of products
at enterprises as agreed between establishments having vocational education
activities, enterprises and learners;
b)
Participate in extracurricular activities, career orientation, job placement,
scientific research, technology transfer, innovation, and entrepreneurship in
vocational education.
Article 26. Policies applicable to learners
1.
Learners are entitled to policies according to the Law on Education and the
following policies:
a)
Tuition fee exemption and support policies applicable to learners in vocational
secondary education programs; college-level and intermediate-level training
programs for professions with limited admission but high job demand;
specialized professions; and certain key economic, national defense and
security disciplines and fields.
b)
Boarding policies applicable to students who are ethnic minorities from poor or
near-poor households, or disabled persons; and Kinh students from poor or
near-poor households, or disabled persons who are stable and long-term
residents in extremely disadvantaged areas, ethnic minority and mountainous
areas, border areas, and islands;
c)
Financial support for training, provided for learners who have graduated from
upper secondary schools and are learning intermediate-level training programs;
women and rural workers learning elementary-level training programs or other
vocational training programs; and employees learning for career transition.
2. The
Government shall elaborate this Article.
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QUALITY
ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION
Article 27. Internal quality assurance system
1.
Vocational education institutions shall be responsible for establishing,
operating and developing internal quality assurance systems according to
quality accreditation and assurance assessment standards.
2. The
internal quality assurance system is aimed at supporting quality culture
development; continuously improving quality; and enhancing transparency and
accountability during vocational education.
3. The
internal quality assurance system includes organizational structure and
personnel for assurance of quality; quality policies; quality policy
implementation tools; mechanisms for collection and analysis of information and
quality management information system.
Article 28. Vocational education quality accreditation and
assessment standards
1.
Quality accreditation and assessment standards serve as the basis for determination
of the extent to which vocational education quality has been achieved.
2.
Quality accreditation and assessment standards include:
a)
Standards applicable to vocational education institutions;
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3. The
Minister of Education and Training shall issue regulations on and provide
guidance on compliance with vocational education quality accreditation and
assessment standards; and recognize vocational education quality accreditation
and assessment standards established by accreditation organizations.
Article 29. Vocational education quality assessment
1.
Vocational education institutions shall carry out quality assessments by the
following methods:
a) Carry
out periodical self-assessments to review and improve the effectiveness of the
internal quality assurance system;
b) Carry
out self-assessment through periodic audits to prepare for external assessment
and recognition of quality as required by law.
2.
Vocational education institutions can carry out self-assessments of quality or
employ appropriate professional consultants to carry out quality assessment.
3.
Quality assessment results may be used for quality improvement, information
disclosure, accountability, and quality accreditation in accordance with
regulations.
4. The
Minister of Education and Training shall provide for assessment of quality of
vocational education.
Article 30. Vocational education quality accreditation
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a)
Vocational education institutions;
b)
Training programs for health and law fields; training programs for teacher
training professions and training programs for other disciplines and fields
decided by the Minister of Education and Training.
2.
Training institutions shall select accreditation organizations permitted or
recognized by the Ministry of Education and Training to operate in Vietnam, and
apply the following assessment and accreditation standards:
a)
Domestic accreditation organizations may apply standards issued or recognized
by the Ministry of Education and Training;
b)
Foreign accreditation organizations may apply their standards when registering
their operations in Vietnam.
3.
Vocational education institutions affiliated to the Ministry of National
Defence and the Ministry of Public Security, and training programs related to
national defence and security are not subject to mandatory quality
accreditation but education quality assurance activities must be organized as
prescribed in Article 27 of this Law and regulations of the Minister of
National Defence and the Minister of Public Security.
4.
Accreditation organizations shall ensure independence in professional
operations and avoid conflicts over interests during education quality
accreditation.
5. The
Minister of Education and Training shall provide for accreditation of
vocational education institutions, accreditation of training programs,
accreditation standards, guidelines for content, procedures and cycle of
accreditation; public announcement about accreditation results; issue regulations
on accreditors, organization and operation of vocational education quality
accreditation organizations; regulations on supervision and assessment of
accreditation organizations and appraisal of accreditation results.
Chapter VI
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Article 31. Enterprises’ roles
1. Each
enterprise plays a particularly important role in vocational education and
works with the State and an establishment having vocational education
activities to provide training for skilled human resources, thereby meeting the
demands of the labor market.
2.
Enterprises directly carry out or participate in vocational education
activities as prescribed by law.
3.
Enterprises serve as practice and internship facilities that help learners,
lecturers, and teachers access technology, practical production procedures, and
improve their vocational skills.
Article 32. State’s policies applicable to enterprises
1.
Encouraging enterprises to cooperate with establishments having vocational
education activities in conducting research and applying science, technology,
and innovation; transferring technology; and promoting digital and green
transformation in vocational education and vocational skill development.
2.
Honoring and commending enterprises that have made outstanding contributions to
vocational education and skill development.
3. Giving
financial support for training, provided for enterprises in the following
cases:
a)
Elementary-level training for disadvantaged people;
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4. The
Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 33. Enterprises’ rights
1. Be
entitled to the policies specified in Article 32 of this Law.
2.
Establish vocational education institutions to train human resources directly
serving production, business, and service provision in enterprises and for
society.
3.
Provide elementary-level training programs and other vocational training
programs, for employees working in enterprises and other employees as
prescribed by law.
4.
Cooperate with other establishments having vocational education activities in
providing vocational education training programs in accordance with
regulations.
5. Record
expenditures on vocational training provided by enterprises and vocational
training provided for employees as deductible expense in accordance with the
law on tax.
Article 34. Enterprises’ responsibilities
1.
Appoint experts and technical staff to participate in vocational training, receive
lecturers, teachers and learners for practical training and internships at
enterprises, and provide vocational training for employees.
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3.
Fulfill all responsibilities as agreed upon in joint training contracts with
establishments having vocational education activities.
4.
Participate in development of training programs and curricula; organize
teaching, provide practical guidance and internships, and assess learning
outcomes of learners at establishments having vocational education activities
and enterprises.
5. Pay
salaries and wages to learners, lecturers and teachers who directly produce or
participate in production of products during training, practice, or internships
at enterprises as agreed upon by both parties.
6. Enable
employees to receive training, refresher training and improve their vocational
skills and qualifications.
7.
Cooperate with vocational education institutions in organization of training,
refresher training, and enhancement of vocational skills, recognition of
vocational skill certificates and qualifications for employees at enterprises.
8.
Participate in training consultation with establishments having vocational
education activities in the fields of production and business, and in domestic
and international vocational skill competitions.
9. Give
support to retraining to improve vocational skills of employees; cooperate with
establishments having vocational education activities to organize training at
enterprises, thereby meeting the market demands.
Article 35. Enterprise human resource training fund
1. Each
enterprise shall establish an enterprise human resource training fund to
perform the following tasks:
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b) Assist
employees to study and improve their professional qualifications;
c)
Provide sponsorship for any vocational education institution that cooperates
with the enterprise in accordance with the Law on Enterprises and other
relevant laws.
2. The
Government shall elaborate purposes, funding sources, contribution rates,
spending objectives of enterprise human resource training funds.
Chapter VII
FUNDING AND
ASSETS
Article 36. Funding mechanism for vocational education
1. State
budget expenditures on vocational education shall be financed according to the
principles specified in the Law on Education and on the basis of missions,
quality and efficiency in operations conducted by vocational education
institutions under a unified mechanism throughout the system.
2. The
state budget shall fully or partially cover funding for provision of training
for human resources in certain professions and fields according to the
following mechanisms and policies.
a)
Attracting and assisting lecturers and teachers to train vocational talents;
and learners in professions in the artistic and athletic fields;
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c) Awarding
scholarships to learners participating in training programs for key
engineering, strategic technology and core technology professions;
d)
Commissioning and assigning tasks related to training in specialized
professions, professions in key economic sectors, and professions with high
demand but limited private investment.
3. The
Government shall elaborate this Article and the following contents:
a)
Methods for determining tuition fees that must be sufficient to cover the cost,
leave a margin of savings, and ensure training quality; top tuition fee
limits for public vocational education institutions;
b)
Eligibility, scholarships, tuition subsidization rate and preferential loans
granted by the State;
c)
Commission and assignment of training tasks;
d) Incentives and
conditions for application of credit, aid, and sponsorship policies to
vocational education;
dd)
Public vocational education institutions’ autonomy in terms of funding, assets
and investment, including mobilization, receipt, management, and use of
domestic and foreign legal resources; preferential mechanisms as prescribed by
law; and responsibilities for public announcement, accountability, and
transparency.
Article 37. Public vocational education institution’s
funding
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a) State
budget;
b) Lawful
sponsorships, aid, or donations given by domestic and foreign organization and
individuals;
c)
Revenues from training, scientific research, technology transfer, education
support services, production, and business; lease of assets in accordance with
the law on management and use of public assets; deposit interest and other
legal revenues;
d)
Legitimate domestic and foreign loans as per law;
dd) Other
revenues as prescribed by law.
2. Public
vocational education institutions shall incur facility development investment
expenditures in accordance with the law on public investment and other relevant
laws; and expenditures on commission and assignment of tasks as prescribed by
the Government.
3. Public
vocational education institutions have the autonomy in terms of funding, use of
legal revenues for training, scientific research, staff development, investment
in facilities, and other vocational education activities. To be specific:
a) Deciding
expenditures covered by tuition fees, commission and assignment of tasks and
other non-business revenues, including expenditures on salaries, professional
operations, management and hiring of experts within their financial capacity
and according to internal expenditure regulations;
b)
Deciding expenditures on research, incubation and transfer of
technology, covered by legal revenues in order to make sure that such
expenditures are efficient, public, and transparent.
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Article 38. Management of public vocational education
institution’s funding
1.
Private vocational education institutions have the financial autonomy and the
autonomy to decide revenues and expenditures, distribution of money, and
establishment of funds in accordance with the law and rules for organization
and operation of institutions.
2.
Private vocational education institutions shall be responsible for fulfilling
their financial obligations to the State; and complying with regulations of
laws on accounting, audit, taxation, asset valuation, and financial disclosure.
3. At
least 25% of the positive difference between revenue and expenditure from
education, training, research and technology transfer must be used for
reinvestment in development of the vocational education institution and
fulfillment of the social responsibility. Cumulative annual profit of a
non-profit private vocational education institution is the institution’s asset
undistributed and used for investment in development of the vocational
education institution on the no-return basis.
Article 39. Tuition fees and charges for ancillary services
serving vocational education (hereinafter referred to as "vocational
education service charges")
1.
Tuition fees should be sufficient to cover the cost, leave a margin of savings,
and ensure training quality. Public vocational education institutions’ tuition
fees shall not exceed the top tuition fee limit as prescribed by the
Government.
2. The
establishment having vocational education activities must publicly disclose
training costs, tuition fees, admission service fees, and other service charges
for each level, academic year, and the entire course; and shall be responsible
for setting aside a portion of its revenue to implement tuition fee exemption
and reduction, study expense support policies for learners who are the
disadvantaged or beneficiaries as stipulated by the State and the
establishment’s policies.
3. The
Government shall elaborate this Article.
Article 40. Management and use of assets owned by private
vocational education institutions
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a) Assets
established as undistributed consolidated assets according to regulations of
law or as required by donors, aid providers, or benefactors are assets under
the common ownership and undistributed by the school community;
b) A
private vocational education institution's school board shall manage and use
the assets specified in clause 2 of this Article for sustainable development of
the institution and for the common good; such assets must not be converted into
assets under the private ownership or valued for distribution under any
circumstances;
c)
Capital and assets specified in clause 2 of this Article, once transferred,
shall be excluded from valued assets of the private vocational education
institution;
d) In
case the vocational education institution dissolves, the assets specified in
point a of this clause must be transferred to the competent state agency for
management and use for development of vocational education.
2.
Regarding assets under the private ownership of investors other than those
specified in clause 1 of this Article, vocational education institutions may
manage, use, and dispose them in accordance with relevant laws, transparently,
for the intended purposes, and without harming the legitimate rights and
interests of learners and the community.
3.
Foreign-invested vocational education institutions’ ownership of assets shall
be protected by the State in accordance with Vietnamese law and international
treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a signatory; the
management and use of these assets shall comply with Vietnamese law and
relevant international commitments.
Chapter VIII
COOPERATION
AND INVESTMENT IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Article 41. Training association and cooperation in
vocational education
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2.
Vocational education institutions shall association with domestic establishment
having vocational education activities, educational organizations, foreign
educational institutions, and enterprises to:
a) Run
degree/diploma-level or certificate-level training programs;
b)
Establish professional training faculties, centers or units.
3.
Training association and cooperation must be voluntary and equal, respect
autonomy and accountability, and comply with Vietnamese law and the law of the
partner country (if any); ensure the quality of training, transparency of
information, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of all relevant
parties.
4.
Vocational education institutions are fully responsible to the law, learners
and the society for their training association and cooperation; they shall
issue and comply with internal regulations to manage relevant activities.
5. The
Government shall provide for conditions, procedures, jurisdiction, and
mechanisms for inspection and supervision of training association and
cooperation with foreign partners.
6. The
Minister of Education and Training shall provide for domestic training
cooperation and association.
Article 42. Investment in vocational education
1.
Investment in vocational education shall comply with the law on investment, the
law on education, and other relevant laws.
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a) Be
appropriate to the planning and strategy for the development of vocational
education and the orientation to socio-economic development;
b)
Respect the autonomy, accountability and specific nature of operations
conducted by vocational education institutions;
c) Ensure
training quality, publicly announce information, and protect legitimate rights and
interests of learners, investors and relevant parties;
d) Meet
conditions for investment in vocational education and conform to supervision
mechanisms as per law.
3.
Investment involving foreign elements shall comply with international treaties
to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a signatory; and protect national
interests, and maintain national defense and security, culture, ideology,
training quality, and sustainable development.
4. The
Government shall elaborate prioritized fields and forms of domestic and foreign
investment in vocational education.
Chapter IX
IMPLEMENTATION
PROVISIONS
Article 43. Amendments to some articles and clauses of
relevant laws
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a) Point
a clause 2 Article 59 shall be amended as follows:
“a)
Establishing vocational education institutions or classes at the workplace in
order to train, retrain and develop vocational qualifications and skills of the
employees; cooperating with vocational education institutions in providing
vocational secondary education programs and training programs at elementary,
intermediate and college level\ as per regulations;”;
b) Clause
3 Article 61 shall be amended as follows:
“3. An
employer who recruits trainees or apprentices in order to employ must not
collect tuition fees from such trainees or apprentices.”.
2. The
phrase “và trung học nghề” (and vocational secondary) shall be added after the
phrase "trung cấp” (immediate level) in clause 1 Article 4 of the Law on
Education No. 73/2025/QH15.
Article 44. Entry into force
1. This
Law comes into force from January 01, 2026. The Law on Vocational Education No.
74/2014/QH13 amended by Law No. 97/2015/QH13, Law No. 21/2017/QH14, Law No.
43/2019/QH14, and Law No. 84/2025/QH15 (hereinafter referred to as Law on
Vocational Education No. 74/2014/QH13), shall cease to be effective from the
effective date of this Law, except for the case specified in clause 2 of this
Article and relevant regulations in Article 45 of this Law.
2.
Clauses 4 and 5 Articles 24, and Articles 26, 32, 35, 36, 39, and 42 of this
Law come into force from July 1, 2026.
Article 45. Transitional provisions
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2.
Vocational education institutions shall terminate admission of learners who
complete lower secondary education to intermediate-level programs for
professions in the health field from January 01, 2026.
3.
Regarding training courses to which admission is closed before January 01,
2026, establishments having vocational education activities may continue to
organize training, and issue degrees/diplomas and certificates in accordance
with the Law on Vocational Education No. 74/2014/QH13 until the end of these
courses.
4.
Colleges that are upgraded to higher education institutions and higher
education institutions into which colleges are merged before January 01, 2026
may continue admitting learners to college-level programs to which the
certificate of registration of vocational education or the certificate of
additional registration of vocational education has been granted until the end
of December 31, 2028; they shall be responsible for updating information on
training programs to the specialized database of vocational education as
specified in Article 20 of this Law.
5. Intermediate-level
learners as prescribed in clause 1 of this Article or learners of vocational
education levels prior to January 1, 2026, may continue to enjoy the policies
according to the Law on Vocational Education No. 74/2014/QH13 until the end of
their training courses.
6.
Vocational education institutions shall apply regulations on minimum knowledge
and competence acquired by learners after graduation from intermediate-level
and college-level education programs to develop training programs until the competent
authority issues training program standards.
7.
Vocational education institutions may teach upper secondary education
knowledge in accordance with the Law on Education No. 43/2019/QH14 for
admission courses specified in clause 1 of this Article until the end of their
courses.
8. A
person who holds an intermediate diploma but does not hold an upper secondary
diploma may use a certificate of completion of general education program or a
certificate for achieving sufficient upper secondary education knowledge for
admission to a college-level training program.
9. Within
06 months from January 01, 2026, school boards of public vocational education
institutions shall terminate their operations and hand over all relevant
records and documents to principals; principals shall notify their direct
superior bodies (or notify the Ministry of Education and Training if direct
superior bodies of vocational education institutions are not established).
10. The
Board of Directors of a private vocational education institution recognized
before January 01, 2026, shall continue to perform its tasks and powers until
the investor decides to elect or appoint the president and members of the school
board in accordance with this Law. The school board must be completely
established before January 1, 2027
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12.
Principals and vice-principals of public vocational education institutions appointed
before January 1, 2026 shall comply with the following regulations:
a) In
case the recognition or appointment decision expires after January 01, 2026,
the principal and the vice-principal shall continue to perform his/her tasks
and exercise his/her powers until the direct superior body makes a personnel
decision. Within 06 months from January 1, 2026, the direct superior body shall
complete the appointment of the principal and the vice-principal of the
vocational education institution in accordance with the law;
b) In
case the recognition or appointment decision expires before January 01, 2026,
the direct superior body shall follow procedures for appointing the principal,
and the vice-principal in accordance with the law.
13. A
private vocational education institution’s principal recognized before January
01, 2026, shall continue to perform his/her tasks and powers until the school
board of the private vocational education institution appoints a new principal
in accordance with this Law.
14. Valid
applications for processing administrative procedures that have been submitted
before January 01, 2026 to competent authorities specified in the Law No.
74/2014/QH13, shall continue to be processed by such competent authorities in
accordance with the law at the time of submission of these applications, even
if the jurisdiction to process such administrative procedures has been adjusted
according to regulations of this Law;
Vocational
education institutions to which decisions on establishment, permission for establishment,
full or partial division, or merger of vocational education institutions or
their campuses have been issued before January 1, 2026, must satisfy
regulations on vocational education institution standards within 60 months from
the effective date of the new legislative documents.
15.
Vocational education institutions that have been granted certificates of
registration of vocational education, certificates of additional registration
of vocational education, or certificates of registration of training
association with foreign partners before January 1, 2026, may continue
admission and organization of training in the registered professions, and shall
take the following responsibilities:
a) Review
fulfillment of conditions for organization of training in accordance with new
regulations on the licensed professions within 06 months from the effective
date of the new legislative documents;
b)
Register information on training programs in the specialized database of
vocational education in accordance with Article 20 of this Law.
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CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Tran Thanh Man