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THE MINISTRY OF
HEALTH
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SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
OF VIET NAM
Independence - Freedom - Happiness
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No:
2575/1999/QD-BYT
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Hanoi, August 27,
1999
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DECISION
PROMULGATING THE REGULATION ON MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
THE MINISTER OF HEALTH
Pursuant to the Law on Protection of People’s
Health;
Pursuant to the Law on Environmental Protection;
Pursuant to the Government’s Decree No.68/CP of October 11, 1993 defining the
functions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the Ministry of Health;
Pursuant to the Prime Minister’s Decision No.155/1999/QD-TTg of July 16, 1999,
promulgating the hazardous waste;
At the proposals of the directors of the Department of Therapy and the Legal
Department of the Ministry of Health,
DECIDES:
Article 1.- To
promulgate together with this Decision the Regulation on Medical Waste
Management.
Article 2-. The
Regulation on Medical Waste Management shall apply to all State-run, private
and foreign-invested medical establishments. In the course of implementation,
the medical establishments should select methods prescribed in this Regulation
for implementation, which are suitable to their respective conditions.
Article 3.- This
Decision shall take effect 60 days after its signing.
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THE MINISTER OF HEALTH
Do Nguyen Phuong
REGULATION
ON MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
(Issued together with the Health Minister’s Decision No. 2575/1999/QD-BYT of
August 27, 1999)
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1.- In this
Regulation, the terms below shall be construed as follows:
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2. Medical wastes are those arising from the
activities of medical examination and treatment, healthcare, testings, disease
prevention, research and training at the medical establishments. Medical wastes
may be in the solid, liquid or gaseous form.
3. Hazardous wastes are those containing
substances or compounds which bear one of the characters of causing direct
hazards (inflammability, explosibility, erodibility, contagiosity and other
hazardous characters), or, when interacted with other substances, causing
hazards to environment and human health.
4. Hazardous medical waste means the waste that
contains one of such elements as blood, body fluid, excrement; parts or organs
of human or animal bodies; injection syringes or needles and pointed and sharp
objects; pharmaceuticals; chemicals and radioactive substances used in health
service. If these wastes are not destroyed, they will cause hazards to
environment and human health.
5. The management of hazardous medical wastes
means the activities of controlling wastes throughout a process from the time
they are discharged till they are preliminarily treated, gathered, transported,
stored and destroyed.
6. Collection means the separation,
classification, gathering, packing and temporary keeping of wastes at wasters
gathering places of medical establishments.
7. Transportation means the process of carrying
wastes from their places of origin to where they are preliminary treated, kept
and destroyed.
8. Preliminary treatment means the process of
disinfection or bactericide of highly contagious wastes near the places of
their origin before they are carried to places of storing or destruction.
9. Destruction is the process of applying
technologies to isolate (including burial) hazardous wastes, depriving them of
the capability to cause hazards to environment and human health.
Article 2.-
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2. The medical establishments, besides having to
abide by this Regulation, shall have to comply with the State’s current
stipulations on management of hazardous wastes.
Article 3.-
1. Directors or managers
of all medical establishments shall be responsible for the management of
hazardous medical wastes from the time they are generated to the final process
of destruction.
2. Persons directly involved in the process of
management of medical wastes must be trained and comply with the regulations
already issued.
Article 4.- The
medical establishments shall have to minimize and classify wastes as prescribed
right at their discharge sources and not to let hazardous medical waste mix
with daily-life wastes. The hazardous medical wastes must be safely treated
before they are discharged into the environment.
Article 5.- The medical
establishments shall have to draw up plans to upgrade, build, operate and
maintain waste treatment establishments and at the same time coordinate with
environmental bodies as well as local waste treatment establishments in
managing and treating medical wastes as prescribed.
Article 6.- The funds
for investment in infrastructure construction and hazardous medical waste
management shall be taken from the following sources:
a) The State budget.
b) Financial support from international
organizations.
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d) Capital from various economic sectors.
Chapter II
CLASSIFICATION AND
DETERMINATION OF WASTES
Article 7.- The wastes
in the medical establishments are classified into 5 categories as follows:
1. The clinical waste.
2. The radioactive waste.
3. The chemical waste.
4. The pressure gas cylinders
5. Daily- life waste.
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1. The clinical waste includes 5 groups:
a) Group A covers contaminated waste, including materials
absorbed with blood, fluid and/or excrement of diseased persons such as
bandages, gauzes, hand-gloves, starch used in bone setting, fabrics, artificial
anal bags, blood transfusion tubes, puncture tubes, strings and fluid bags....
b) Group B embraces pointed or sharp objects,
including injection syringes and needles surgey knife blades and handles,
surgery nails, saws, injection ampoules, broken glass pieces and all materials
which may cause cuts or punctures, regardless of whether they are contaminated
or not.
c) Group C covers highly contagious wastes
discharged from laboratories, including hand-gloves, glass, testing tubes,
disease samples after puncture/testing/culture, blood bags....
d) Group D covers pharmaceutical wastes,
including:
i) Expired pharmaceutical products, contaminated
pharmaceutical products, dropped pharmaceutical products, pharmaceutical
products without any demand for use.
ii) Drugs making cells toxicated.
e) Group E covers human and animal tissues and
organs, including all tissues of the body (whether or not contaminated);
organs, legs, arms, placenta, fetuses, animal corpses.
2. Radioactive wastes
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a) The solid radioactive wastes include
materials used in tests, diagnoses, hospitalization such as syringes, injection
needles, protection glasses, absorbing papers, sterile gauzes, test tubes,
bottles and pots for containing radioactive substances....
b) The liquid radioactive wastes include
solutions containing radioactive nucleus, which originate in the process of
diagnosis and hospitalization such as patients’ urine, excrements, water left
after the cleaning of instruments contaminated with radioactive substances....
c) The gaseous radioactive wastes include gases
used in clinical process such as 133 Xe, gases leaking from radioactive
substance depots....
3. Chemical wastes
The chemical wastes include solid, liquid and
gaseous wastes. The chemical wastes in the medical establishments are
classified into two:
- The non-hazardous chemical wastes such as
sugar, fatty acid, several kinds of organic and inorganic salt.
- The hazardous chemical wastes which include:
a) Formaldehyde: used in pathological surgery,
blood filter, dead body embalment and the preservation of test samples in a
number of other departments.
b) Optical activity chemicals: found in
solutions used for fixation and film development.
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d) Ethylene oxide: Ethylene oxide is used to
sterilize medical equipment, operating rooms, which is, therefore, held in
cylinders and connected to sterilization equipment. Such kind of gas may cause
toxic factors and cancer in human body.
e) Chemical compounds include cleansing and
sterilizing solutions such as phenol, oil and grease and cleaning solvents....
4. Pressure gas cylinders
Medical establishments often store pressure gas
cylinders such as oxygen cylinders, CO2 cylinders, gas cylinders, simple gas
cylinders, gas cylinders for only one use. These cylinders are easy to cause
fire and explosion when burned, which must, therefore, be separately collected.
5. Daily-life wastes, including
a) Wastes not contaminated with hazardous
elements, which originate from patients’ rooms, working offices, corridors,
supplying sections, warehouses, laundry, dining halls..., including papers,
documents, packing materials, cardboard boxes, plastic bags, film bags,
materials for packing foodstuffs, left-over food of patients, flowers, garbage
swept from house floors.
b) External-environment wastes include tree
leaves and garbage from external environment areas....
Chapter III
PROCESS OF COLLECTING
AND STORING SOLID WASTES AT MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
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1. Wastes must be classified right at the time
they are generated and must be kept in bags or bins according to the
regulations.
2. Hazardous medical wastes must not be kept
mixedly with daily-life wastes. If the hazardous medical wastes are
accidentally put together with the daily-life wastes, such waste mixture must
be treated and destroyed like the hazardous medical wastes.
Article 10.- Standards
of waste bags, boxes and bins
1. Waste bags, boxes and bins specified
according to colors
a) Yellow bags, boxes and bins: for storing clinical
wastes, with outside symbols indicating the biological hazards.
b) Green: for storing the daily-life wastes.
c) Black: for storing chemical wastes,
radioactive wastes, cell-toxicated drugs.
d) Bags, boxes and bins in the above-mentioned
colors are only used for storing wastes and not for other purposes.
2. Waste bag standards:
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b) Bag walls must be thick, bag sizes must be
appropriate to generated waste quantity, the maximum volume of a bag is 0.1m3.
c) On the outside of the bag, there must be a
horizontal line running at the height of 2/3 of the bag with the inscription
"no storing beyond this line".
3. Standards of boxes to contain pointed or
sharp objects
a) Being made of hard materials which are hardly
penetrable, leak-proof and burnable.
b) Box capacity: There should be bags of various
sizes (2.5 liters, 6 liters, 12 liters and 20 liters) suited to the quantity of
generated pointed or sharp objects.
c) Boxes for storing pointed and sharp objects
must be designed in a way convenient for the collection of both injection
syringes and needles, when transported, waste matters inside shall not be
dropped out; they must have handles and lids for closure gluing when the boxes
are 2/3 full.
d) Boxes in yellow are marked with the
inscription "For pointed and sharp objects only", with the horizontal
line at the 2/3 level and the inscription "no storing beyond this
line".
4. Standards of waste bins
a) Bins must be made of plastic with high
polyethylene percentage, thick and hard walls and with lids. Bins of large
capacity should be made with wheels.
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c) Green bins are used for collection of green
plastic bags containing daily-life wastes.
d) Black bins are used for collection of black
plastic bags containing chemical and radioactive wastes.
e) The bins’ holding capacities vary from 10 to
250 liters, depending on the generated waste volumes.
f) The bins’ outside must be marked with a line
at the level of 2/3 of the bin and the inscription "No storing beyond this
line".
Article 11.- Locations
for placing waste bags and bins
1. Locations to place hazardous medical waste
and daily-life waste bins must be clearly determined in each
department/section. Each department should have a place to keep waste bags and
bins according to each type.
2. Waste bags and bins must be placed near the
sources of waste generation such as operating rooms, bandage changing rooms,
injection rooms, child delivery rooms, patients’ rooms, testing rooms,
corridors. On injection and operation trolleys, there must be boxes to keep
pointed and sharp objects in order to facilitate the classification.
3. The waste bags must comply with the
provisions on color system, not replacing yellow and black bags holding
hazardous wastes with green bags.
Article 12.- Gathering
wastes at the place of their generation
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2. The clinical wastes, when being taken out of
departments/sections, must be put into yellow plastic bags; the chemical wastes
and radioactive wastes be put in black plastic bags marked with the inscription
stating the places of waste generation.
3. Yellow boxes containing pointed and sharp
objects, and preliminarily treated wastes must be put into yellow plastic bags
which shall be tied up close.
4. Wastes generated from departments must be
transported to the waste-gathering place of the medical establishment at least
once a day and when necessary.
5. Plastic bags shall be tied up close when they
are filled with wastes up to the prescribed volume (2/3 of the bag). The bags
must not be sealed close with staples.
Article 13.- Transportation
of wastes within medical establishments
1. Medical establishments must stipulate ways
and time for the transportation of wastes, and avoid transportation of wastes
through patients-tending areas and other clean areas.
2. Each medical establishment must has its own
means to transport wastes from the gathering places of departments/sections to
the gathering place of the whole establishment. Such means are only used for
the transportation of wastes, and must be cleaned and disinfected after being
used. The waste-carrying means must be designed in a way that wastes are easily
put in and taken out and that they shall be easily cleaned, disinfected and
dried.
Article 14.- Keeping
wastes in medical establishments
1. Waste-storing places at medical
establishments must satisfy the following conditions:
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ii) Having ways for waste carriers to come from
the outside.
iii) The hazardous medical wastes must be kept
separately from the daily-life wastes.
iv) Having roofs, protection fences, doors and
locks. To prevent animals, rodents and insects from penetrating therein.
v) The land areas are suitable to the waste
volumes generated from the medical establishments.
vi) Being equipped with facilities for
hand-washing, means for protection of personnel, cleaning tools and chemicals.
vii) Being built with water drainage systems,
dry and airy floors.
2. The time for storing hazardous medical wastes
at medical establishments
a) For hospitals: In principle, wastes must be
carried daily for destruction. The maximum time for keeping hazardous medical
wastes in hospital is 48 hours.
b) For small medical establishments such as
prophylactic medicine centers, polyclinics, maternity homes, health stations
with small volumes of hazardous medical wastes, such wastes must be put into
appropriate plastic bags which shall be tied close. Wastes of Groups A, B, C
and D must not be kept at medical establishments for more than a week.
Particularly Group E wastes must be immediately buried or destroyed.
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TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID
HAZARDOUS MEDICAL WASTES OUT OF MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Article 15.-
Transportation
1. The medical establishments shall sign
contracts with hazardous medical waste- transporting and destroying establishments
licensed to operate by the competent environmental bodies. Where the latter is
not available in a locality, the concerned medical establishment shall have to
transport them.
2. The hazardous medical waste transport means
must not be used for other purposes.
3. The hazardous medical waste transport means
must be cleaned after each transportation.
4. Hazardous medical wastes, if being
transported to far destruction places, must be packed in bins or cardboard
boxes in order to avoid cracks or breaks en route.
5. Group E wastes must be put in yellow plastic
bags, then packed in bins/ boxes which shall be glued close and labeled before
being transported for destruction.
Article 16.- Dossiers
on waste transport
1. Each medical establishment must have a system
of books to monitor the volume of generated wastes and cards to monitor the
volume of wastes transported daily for destruction.
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Chapter V
MODEL-TECHNOLOGY-METHOD
OF TREATING AND DESTROYING SOLID WASTES
Article 17.- Models of
solid hazardous medical waste destruction
1. For medical establishments in cities, one of
the following models shall apply:
a) Building and operating a regional hazardous
medical wastes incinerator for the whole city.
b) Building and operating hazardous medical
waste incinerators according to hospital groups. Such an incinerator can be
placed in a hospital where exists a land area for installation and operation of
an incinerator and roads convenient for nearby medical establishments to
transport their hazardous medical wastes thereto for incineration.
c) Using industrial hazardous waste incinerating
establishments in localities, if any.
2. For medical establishments in provincial
towns, one of the following models shall apply:
a) Building and operating hazardous medical
waste incinerators according to hospital groups.
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The incinerator in the hospital premise must not
be placed near the population quarters. Its chimney must be higher than
adjacent tall building and the incinerator location must be at the end of the
direction of the monsoon in the year.
3. For district medical centers: If no hazardous
medical waste incinerator is available for regions or hospital groups, simple
and manual incinerators may apply. Ashes and other left-overs after the burning
shall be buried or destroyed together with daily-life wastes.
4. For polyclinics, maternity homes and commune
health stations: either of the two following modes shall apply:
a) Open-air incineration.
b) Burning by manual incinerators.
Article 18.- Solid
hazardous medical waste incinerating technologies.
Medical establishments should base themselves on
the incineration models mentioned above and their economic capabilities,
including funds for installation, operation as well as maintenance, to opt for
the following technologies suitable to each locality:
1. Two-chamber incinerator with high temperature
(>1,0000C), high capacity (around 5000-7000 kg/day), air purifying
equipment, automatic waste feeding and ash removal, heat control device... This
type of incinerator shall apply to regional hazardous medical waste
incineration establishments.
2. Two-chamber incinerator, high temperature
(>1,0000C), appropriate capacity of from 800-1000 kg/day, automatic waste
feeding, semi-automatic or manual ash removal. This type of incinerator shall
apply to hazardous medical waste incineration establishments for hospital
groups.
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4. Manual incinerators made of brick or being
oil barrel, for small medical establishments such as district medical centers, consultation
rooms, maternity homes, commune heath stations.
5. Open-air burning: applied only to commune
health stations in rural or mountainous regions, but not to medical
establishments in cities, provincial towns, district towns. The incineration
location must be at the end of the monsoon direction and fenced off to prevent
fire from spreading to nearby areas.
Article 19.- Hygienic
burial.
1. It is only applied to medical establishments
lacking conditions for incineration of hazardous medical wastes.
2. Not to bury hazardous medical wastes with
daily-life wastes.
3. Hazardous medical wastes shall be allowed to
be buried only at prescribed areas.
4. The hazardous medical wastes burial sites
must satisfy the environmental criteria and technical requirements guided and
evaluated by the environmental bodies.
Article 20.- Preliminary
treatment methods.
1. General provisions: Highly contaminated
clinical wastes must be safety treated near the places of their origin before
they are put into yellow plastic bags for transportation to incineration
places.
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3. Preliminary treatment method: Depending on
their own conditions and available facilities, medical establishments shall
apply the following methods:
a) Boiling.
b) Killing germs with chemicals.
c) Sterilization by hot air or steam.
Article 21.- Destruction
of clinical wastes
1. Group A wastes
a) Preliminary treatment: A number of Group A
wastes of high contagiosity such as wastes stained with blood and/or fluid of
HIV/AIDS or syphilis patients, sputum of TB sufferers..., which must be
disinfected immediately after such wastes are generated and before they are
transported for destruction.
b) Destruction methods: One of the following
methods may apply:
i) Incineration by the best method.
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2. Group B wastes
a) Injection syringes and needles for one use,
before being transported to destruction, must be put into boxes containing
pointed and sharp objects. It is best not to take needles from syringes nor to
re-inset the needles with a view to avoiding the possibility of getting hurt.
b) Destruction methods: Like for Group A wastes.
3. Group C wastes
a) Preliminary treatment: Wastes of this Group
are highly contagious; hence, they must be preliminarily treated before being
transported from the testing departments to places of their storage or
destruction.
In case of the lack of conditions for
pre-destruction treatment, they must be packed in yellow plastic bags and
transported directly to incinerators.
b) Destruction methods: Like for Group A wastes.
4. Group D wastes
a) For pharmaceutical wastes, one of the
following methods may apply:
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ii) Burial: Before being carried for burial, wastes
must be inertized. The inertization techniques shall be effected as follows:
mixing wastes with cement and a number of other materials in order to
deactivate hawardous substances in the wastes. The mixture percentages shall be
as follows: 65% being the pharmaceutical wastes, 15% powdered lime, 15%
cenment, 5% water. After being created into unique blocs in form of clods, they
shall be carried away for burial.
iii) Discharge into sewages: Wastes in small
volumes in forms of pills, tables (under 500 tables) or liquid or semi-liquid
wastes shall be weakened with water and discharged into the sewage systems of
the medical establishments (if the establishments have waste water treatment
systems).
Pharmaceutical wastes must not be discharged
into natural water sources such as rivers, lakes, swamps....
b) For wastes being cell-intoxicated drugs, one
of the following destruction methods may apply:
i) Returning them to their places of original
supply.
ii) Incinerating them at high temperature.
Cell-intoxicated wastes must be burned in high-temperature incinerators because
when they are burned at low temperature, poison gases shall be generated.
(Appendix 3: Minimum temperatures for destruction of cell-intoxicated wastes).
5. Group E wastes: Group E wastes shall be
destroyed by either of the two following methods:
i) Incinerating them together with contaminated
wastes if incinerators are available.
ii) Burning them in graveyards or prescribed
places. In a number of localities, according to the cultural practices, relatives
of diseased persons may carry placentas, embryos, limbs and cut-out parts of
the bodies for burial, provided that the medical establishments must ensure
that such wastes must be carefully wrapped and packed in yellow plastic bags
before they are assigned to the patients’ next of skin.
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Shall comply with the provisions of the
Ordinance on radioactive safety and control of June 25, 1996; the Government’s
Decree No.50/CP of July 16, 1998 detailing the implementation of the Ordinance
on Radioactive Safety and Control, and the State’s current regulations.
Article 23.- Destruction
of chemical wastes
1. Destruction of non-hazardous chemical wastes:
one of the following methods shall apply:
a) Reuse.
b) Destruction like the daily-life wastes.
2. Destruction of hazardous chemical wastes
a) Principles:
i) Hazardous chemical wastes with different
characteristics cannot be mixed together for destruction.
ii) Halogen-containing wastes must not be burned
as such will pollute the air.
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iv) Chemical wastes in large volumes must not be
buried as such may pollute underground water streams.
b) Destruction methods: One of the following
methods may apply:
i) The best way is to send them back to their
place of original supply.
ii) Incineration
iii) Burial: Before being carried away for
burial, chemical wastes must be inertized (deactivated ?).
Article 24.- Destruction
of pressure gas cylinders
Pressure gas cylinders must not be placed
mixedly with clinical wastes for incineration as it may cause explosion. One of
the following destruction methods may apply:
1. Sending them back to their place of
production.
2. Reusing them
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Article 25.- Destruction
of daily-life wastes
Being not included in groups of hazardous
wastes, the daily-life wastes must not be incinerated. The daily-life wastes
must be put into green plastic bags, gathered, transported and stored
separately from the hazardous medical wastes, and destroyed like wastes
discharged from household families. Where hazardous medical wastes are
accidentally placed together with daily-life wastes, such bags of wastes must
be treated like bags of hazardous medical wastes.
Chapter VI
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER
AND GASEOUS WASTES
Article 26.- Waste
water treatment
1. General provisions
Each hospital must have a synchroneous waste
water gathering and treating system. Hospital waste water, when being
discharged into areas outside the hospitals’ premises, must reach the current
standards of Vietnam.
2. Models
Hospitals built previously without waste water
treating system must be newly constructed.
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New hospitals, when built, must be designed and
constructed with waste water treating systems.
3. Technologies
Selected waste water treatment technologies must
satisfy the criteria on environmental hygiene and suit the terrain conditions,
investment fund, operation and maintenance costs. One of such methods can be
selected as biological method, chemical method, mechanical method or the
combination of such methods. Equipment and technologies to be used must be
synchroneous and approved by the competent State bodies in charge of
environmental technologies.
Article 27.- Gaseous
waste treatment
1. General provisions
Laboratories, chemicals or pharmaceuticals
depots must be up to the current standards of Vietnam.
2. Models
Laboratories, chemicals or pharmaceuticals
depots must be furnished with air ventilating systems and poison gas treatment
boxes.
Chapter VII
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Article 28.- Setting up
the Steering Committee
1. At the Ministry of Health: The Ministry’s
Steering Committee for hospital waste treatment shall be set up with a member
of the Ministry’s leadership as its head.
2. At the provincial/municipal Health Services.
A Health Service’s Steering Committee shall be set up with a member of the
Service’s leadership as its head, leaders of provincial hospitals, prophylactic
medicine centers and functional sections of the Service as its members. This
Committee is tasked to advise the director of the provincial/municipal Health
Service on the management of medical wastes in the localities and projects for
investment in infrastructure facilities for treatment and destruction of
hazardous medical wastes.
Article 29.- Training
1. The medical establishments shall disseminate
the "Regulation on management of medical wastes" to their cadres,
officials and employees.
2. The Ministry of Health shall elaborate
programs and compile materials for training cadres in charge of the management
of wastes of medical establishments.
3. Medical establishments shall organize
training for persons directly involved in the process of waste management and
treatment.
Article 30.- Investment
in infrastructure
1. Basing themselves on the Regulation on
management of medical wastes, the medical establishments shall draw up plans
for management of their own wastes and at the same time map out projects for
investment in infrastructure for treatment and destruction of hazardous medical
wastes.
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3. The Department of Therapy of the Health
Ministry shall have to sum up projects of hospitals and institutes with
hospital beds under the Health Ministry. After getting the consents of
concerned Department, the Department of Therapy shall submit projects to the
Minister of Health for approval.
4. Directors of the medical establishments of
the ministries and branches shall submit their projects to the managing
ministers for consideration and approval.
Article 31.- Organization
of examination and inspection
1. Directors of the Health Services of the
provinces and centrally-run cities shall have to coordinate with concerned
sections and branches in organizing the examination and inspection of the
observance of the Regulation on management of medical wastes in the medical
establishments of the localities and medical establishments located therein.
2. Director of the Department of Therapy, the
Ministry of Health, shall coordinate with concerned Departments in organizing
in the inspection of the observance of the Regulation on management of medical
wastes of hospitals and other medical establishments throughout the country.
3. Director of the Prophylactic Medicine
Department shall have to inspect and assess the quality of the waste treatment
systems which must comply with the regulations on environmental hygiene.
4. The Health Ministry’s inspectorate shall have
to inspect and handle the violations of the Regulation on management of medical
wastes in strict accordance with the provisions of law.
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APPENDIX 1
RADIOACTIVE NUCLEUS USED IN MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Radioactive
nucleus
Arising
electrons
Semi -
destruction duration
Application
3H
Beta particle
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Research
14C
Beta particle
5,730 year
Research
32P
Beta particle
14.3 days
Therapy
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Gamma ray
27.8 days
In vitro diagnosis
57Co
Beta particle
270 days
In vitro diagnosis
59Fe
Beta particle
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In vitro diagnosis
67Ga
Gamma ray
72 hours
Image diagnose
75Se
Gamma ray
120 days
Image diagnose
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Gamma ray
6 hours
Image diagnose
123I
Gamma ray
13 hours
Image diagnose
125I
Gamma ray
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Image diagnose
131I
Beta particle
8 days
Therapy, research
133Xe
Beta particle
5.3 days
Image therapy
...
...
...
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APPENDIX 3
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE TO DESTROY CELL-INTOXICATED
DRUGS
Drugs
Destruction
temperature (OC)
Asparaginase
800
Bleomycin
1,000
Carboplatin
...
...
...
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Carmustine
800
Cisplatin
800
Cyclophosphamide
900
Cytarabine
1,000
Dacarbazine
...
...
...
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Dactinomycin
800
Daunorubicin
700
Doxorubicin
700
Epirubicin
700
Etoposide
...
...
...
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Fluorouracil
700
Idarubicin
700
Melphalan
500
Metrotrexate
1,000
Mithramycin
...
...
...
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Mitomycin C
500
Mitozantrone
800
Mustine
800
Thiotepa
800
Vinblastine
...
...
...
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Vincristine
1,000
Vindesine
1,000